scholarly journals Plant Responses to Salt Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yildiz ◽  
İrem Poyraz ◽  
Aslinur Çavdar ◽  
Yasin Özgen ◽  
Ramazan Beyaz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Salt stress is one of the harmful abiotic stress factors. It makes agricultural lands especially in arid and semi-arid regions useless despite the efforts. More than six percent of total world agricultural lands are on the edge of vanishing due to salt stress. Salinity in soil occurs as a result of the factors such as lack of drainage, improper irrigation, excessive accumulation of soluble salts. Salinity limits the growth of plants. Despite the main results, some results of plants due to these limitations vary from species to species. The negative effects get morphological, biochemical and physiological reactions from plants. Slowed or stopped growth of roots and shoots, closuring of stomata, germination slowing, decreased or stopped development of seedling, deterioration of photosynthetic activity are the main reactions of plants to stress. On the other hand, plants also develop tolerance mechanisms as a result of some auxiliaries for surviving under adverse conditions. Plants have tendency to protect themselves from salinity with osmotic protectants synthesized by them such as sugars, proline, amino acids, glycine betaine. In this review, the responses of plants to salt stress were investigated and gathered.

scholarly journals ROS and NO Regulation by Melatonin Under Abiotic Stress in Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Pardo-Hernandez ◽  
Maria Lopez-Delacalle ◽  
Rosa M Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Abiotic stress in plants is an increasingly common problem in agriculture, and thus, studies on plant treatments with specific certain compounds that may help to mitigate these effects have increased in recent years Melatonin (MET) application and its role in mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants have become important in the last few years. MET, a derivative of tryptophan, is an important plant-related response molecule involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants, and the induction of different stress factors. In addition, MET plays a protective role against different abiotic stresses such as salinity, high/low temperature, high light, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency and stress combination by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Also, MET interacts with many signaling molecules, among these, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. It is well known that NO produces S-nitrosylation and NO2-Tyr of important antioxidant-related proteins, being this an important mechanism for maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the AsA/GSH cycle under nitro-oxidative conditions, being extensively reviewed here under different abiotic stress conditions. Lastly, in this review, we show the coordination between NO and MET as a long-range signaling molecule, regulating many responses in plants, including plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Despite all the knowledge acquired over the years, there is still more to know about how MET and NO act on tolerance to abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Responses to Drought and Salinity in the Endangered Species Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass.

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Andreea Natalia Matei ◽  
Mohamad Al Hassan ◽  
Monica Boscaiu ◽  
Valeriu Alexiu ◽  
Oscar Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Stress Biomarker

The negative effects of environmental stress factors on plant distribution and survival are increasing due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. We have analysed some responses to abiotic stress in Ligularia sibirica, a postglacial relict that is critically endangered in Europe. L. sibirica seedlings were subjected to water or salt stress treatments in the greenhouse. After the treatments, plant material was harvested and several growth parameters were measured; leaf contents of common osmolytes, the degree of oxidative stress affecting the plants and the level of antioxidant phenolic compounds were also determined. Both, drought and, especially, salt stress had a negative effect on the growth of L. sibirica plants. Treated plants showed an increase in proline (Pro) and total soluble sugars (TSS) levels, stronger under salt stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidative stress biomarker) contents almost doubled, and antioxidant phenolics increased significantly in salt-stressed, but not in water-stressed plants. Pro accumulation can be used as a salt and drought stress biomarker in L. sibirica and, together with TSS, likely contributes to osmotic adjustment under stress. Increase of antioxidant phenolics appears to partly compensate the salt-induced generation of oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Species-specific responses to drought, salinity and their interactions in Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yu ◽  
Haojie Dong ◽  
Zhijun Li ◽  
Zhanjiang Han ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Populus Euphratica ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Aims Drought and salinity are severe abiotic stress factors, which limit plant growth and productivity, particularly in desert regions. In this study, we employed two desert poplars, Populus euphratica Oliver and Populus pruinosa Schrenk seedlings, to compare their tolerance to drought, salinity and combined stress. Methods We investigated species-specific responses of P. euphratica and P. pruinosa in growth, photosynthetic capacity and pigment contents, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, Cl− allocation, osmotic regulation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under drought, salinity and the combined stress. Important Findings Populus pruinosa exhibited greater growth inhibitory effects, photosynthesis decline, stomatal closure and ROS accumulation, and lower antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic regulation compared with P. euphratica under drought, salinity and especially under their combined stress. On the other hand, salt-stressed P. euphratica plants restricted salt transportation from roots to leaves, and allocated more Cl− to coarse roots and less to leaves, whereas salt-stressed P. pruinosa allocated more Cl− to leaves. It was shown that there is species-specific variation in these two desert poplars, and P. pruinosa suffers greater negative effects compared with P. euphratica under drought, salinity and especially under the combined stress. Therefore, in ecological restoration and afforestation efforts, species-specific responses and tolerances of these two poplar species to drought and salinity should be considered under climate change with increasing drought and soil salinity developing.

scholarly journals ROS and NO Regulation by Melatonin Under Abiotic Stress in Plants

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Miriam Pardo-Hernández ◽  
Maria López-Delacalle ◽  
Rosa M. Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Abiotic stress in plants is an increasingly common problem in agriculture, and thus, studies on plant treatments with specific compounds that may help to mitigate these effects have increased in recent years. Melatonin (MET) application and its role in mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants have become important in the last few years. MET, a derivative of tryptophan, is an important plant-related response molecule involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants, and the induction of different stress factors. In addition, MET plays a protective role against different abiotic stresses such as salinity, high/low temperature, high light, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency and stress combination by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, MET interacts with many signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. It is well known that NO produces S-nitrosylation and NO2-Tyr of important antioxidant-related proteins, with this being an important mechanism for maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the AsA/GSH cycle under nitro-oxidative conditions, as extensively reviewed here under different abiotic stress conditions. Lastly, in this review, we show the coordinated actions between NO and MET as a long-range signaling molecule, regulating many responses in plants, including plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Despite all the knowledge acquired over the years, there is still more to know about how MET and NO act on the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Physiology of cashew plants grown under adverse conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlos A. Bezerra ◽  
Claudivan F. de Lacerda ◽  
Enéas Gomes Filho ◽  
Carlos E. B. de Abreu ◽  
José T. Prisco
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Economical Development ◽  
Arid Agriculture ◽  
Semi Arid

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important crop for semi-arid agriculture and contributes to the social and economical development of several world regions, including the northeast of Brazil. In spite of its importance, very few studies aim to understand the effects of abiotic stresses on the development and yield of the cashew. This review covers the research on cashew ecophysiology, with emphasis on the effects of water and salt stress on its development, mineral nutrition and gas exchange processes. The results presented here were obtained at different plant growth stages and under different environmental conditions of soil and climate. The ecophysiological significance of this information is also discussed.

scholarly journals How Abiotic Stress Conditions Affects Plant Roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raziye Kul ◽  
Melek Ekinci ◽  
Metin Turan ◽  
Selda Ors ◽  
Ertan Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
High And Low Temperatures

Roots are generally subject to more abiotic stress than shoots. Therefore, they can be affected by such stresses as much as, or even more, than above ground parts of a plant. However, the effect of abiotic stresses on root structure and development has been significantly less studied than above ground parts of plants due to limited availability for root observations. Roots have functions such as connecting the plant to the environment in which it grows, uptaking water and nutrients and carrying them to the above-ground organs of the plant, secreting certain hormones and organic compounds, and thus ensuring the usefulness of nutrients in the nutrient solution. Roots also send some hormonal signals to the body in stress conditions such as drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity, to prevent the plant from being damaged, and ensure that the above-ground part takes the necessary precautions to adapt to these adverse conditions. Salinity, drought, radiation, high and low temperatures, heavy metals, flood, and nutrient deficiency are abiotic stress factors and they negatively affect plant growth, productivity and quality. Given the fact that impending climate change increases the frequency, duration, and severity of stress conditions, these negative effects are estimated to increase. This book chapter reviews to show how abiotic stress conditions affect growth, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of plant roots.

scholarly journals SOS Yolağından Sorumlu Arabidopsis Mutantlarının Tuz Stresi Altındaki Hassasiyetlerinin Karşılaştırılması

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1982
Author(s):  
Buasimuhan Abudureyimu ◽  
Emre Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Salt Overly Sensitive

Salinity stress is one of the most important and common abiotic stress factors that cause significant physiological and metabolic changes in plants, negatively affecting plant growth and development, and causing decrease in product quality and quantity. The elucidation of the molecular control mechanisms associated with salt stress tolerance is based on the activation and /or inactivation of various stress-related genes. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) tolerance mechanism under salt stress is of great importance in terms of salt tolerance of the plants. Although this mechanism has been studied for many years, the physiological changes that the plants give as a result of mutation of the genes in the pathway under different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) during development have not been examined comparatively. In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana sos1-1 mutant plant showed sensitivity to 10 mM NaCl while the sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed tolerance. The sos1-1, sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed increasing sensitivity when NaCl was applied beyon 50 mM of concentration. In addition, plants did not show significant sensitivity for 1 day of stress application, while significant effects were observed in plant root length when exposed to salinity for 3 to 4 days. Col-0, hkt1-1 and sos3-1 roots treated with low levels of NaCl for a short term were positively affected in length. In the light of these results, the amount and duration of salt stress is very critical in Arabidopsis thaliana's responses to the stress and determination of molecular tolerance pathways.

scholarly journals SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1, Confer a Defence Response to Salt Stress with Increasing NaCl in Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Callus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Büşra Yazıcılar ◽  
ismail Bezirganoglu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Abstract Alfalfa is an important forage that contributes wildlife habitat and soil conservation worldwide and has a high nutritional feeding quality and N fixation potential. However, alfalfa production is seriously reduced by abiotic stress factors. In this study, SOS1 ,SERK1, WEE1 genes were expressed in alfalfa callus cells to control NaCl stress under in vitro conditions. The important callus traits in terms of NaCl resistance were found among the genotypes. Higher sugar contents were accumulated in tested genotypes than in control callus when all were exposed to NaCl stress. Based on proline assay, there were inverse relationships between NaCl acclimated-callus and tested genotypes. Na+ and K+ showed an increasing trend in response to the increasing concentration of NaCl. The results showed that callus growth increased salt stress related gene expression. SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1 gene expression levels peaked at 50 mM while highest Na+ and K+ and sugar content happened at 110 mM NaCl. As a result of flow cytometry analysis, there were often endopolyploidy in the tested genotypes. Our findings indicated that the SOS1, SERK1 and WEE1 genes was effective in promoting the alfalfa callus cells in response to salt stress induced by NaCl.

Factors Influencing Academic Stress on Students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nham Phong Tuan ◽  
Nguyen Ngoc Quy ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽  
Hong Tra My ◽  
Tran Nhu Phu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
National University ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of seven factors causing academic stress on students of University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University: Lack of leisure time, Academic performance, Fear of failure, Academic overload, Finances, Competition between students, Relationships with university faculty. Based on the results of a practical survey of 185 students who are attending any courses at the University of Economics and Business - Vietnam National University, the study assesses the impact of stress factors on students. The thesis focuses on clarifying the concept of "stress" and the stress level of students, while pointing out its negative effects on students. This study includes two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys. The first survey uses a set of 16 questions to assess students’ perceptions and attitudes based on an instrument to measure academic stress - Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA). The second survey aims to test internal consistency, the robustness of the previously established 7-factor structure. Henceforth, the model was brought back and used qualitatively, combined with Cronbach’s Alpha measurement test and EFA discovery factor analysis. This study was conducted from October 2019 to December 2019. From these practical analyzes, several proposals were made for the society, the school and the students themselves.

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