scholarly journals Advances in Developing Multigene Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Tolerant Rice Varieties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitika Sandhu ◽  
Shailesh Yadav ◽  
Arvind Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Global Food

Increasing incidences of multiple abiotic stresses together with increasing population are the major constraints to attain the global food security. Rice, the major staple food crop is very much prone to various abiotic and biotic stresses, which can occur one at a time or two or more together in a single crop growing season and adversely affects the rice production and productivity. The devastating effect of multiple stresses on rice crop is much more erratic and complex leading to higher losses in the crop grain yield. The concurrent occurrence of multiple streeses can destroy rice production in many of the rainfed areas of South and Southeast-Asia. Genomics-assisted breeding strategies have been instrumental in introgression of various major effect QTLs/genes into rice mega varieties and have proven successful in achieving the desired level of tolerance/resistance to various abiotic stresses in diffferent crop species. Keeping the present scenario of changing climate in mind, the chapter discusses the recent past success in combining tolerance to two or more abiotic stresses in mega rice varieties applying genomics-assisted breeding and development of high-yielding climate resilient rice through stacking of multiple genes/QTLs, which can withstand in a cascade of multiple stresses occurring regularly in rainfed environments.

scholarly journals Utilization of Molecular Markers for Rice Breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Tasliah Tasliah
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population. Rice production in 2050 must increase by at least 50% to keep up with the population growth. Efforts to increase rice production continue using various strategies. Breeders apply multiple approaches including application of molecular markers in developing varieties better than the previous ones. Since the discovery of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers in 1980s and the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, many types of molecular markers have been developed and applied to various crops including rice. Various molecular approaches to map genetic loci associated with rice superior traits were conducted. The mapped loci are very useful for rice breeding purposes. This paper reports the results of mapping and breeding economically important traits in rice, mainly those related to abiotic stresses, agronomic traits, yield, and yield quality. These included characters of semidwarf stature, aromatic grain, high yield potential, eating quality, higher Zn and Fe grain, more tolerant to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, phosphate deficiency, Al toxicity and Fe toxicity, submergence, as well as early maturity character. The mapped characters can be transferred using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) method into cultivated rice genotypes well-adopted by farmers. Several countries including Indonesia have benefited from this breeding method, and Indonesia have released several rice varieties developed through MABC. These include rice varieties such as Code, Angke, Inpari 30, Inpari Blas, Inpari HDB, Bio Patenggang Agritan, and Bioni 63 Ciherang Agritan

scholarly journals Differential Expression Proteins Contribute to Race-Specific Resistant Ability in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiwei Ma ◽  
Shoukai Lin ◽  
Menglin Wang ◽  
Yang Zou ◽  
Huan Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
And Function ◽  
Global Food

Rice blast, caused by the fungus, Magnaporthe grisea (M. grisea), lead to the decrease of rice yields widely and destructively, threatening global food security. Although many resistant genes had been isolated and identified in various rice varieties, it is still not enough to clearly understand the mechanism of race-specific resistant ability in rice, especially on the protein level. In this research, proteomic methods were employed to analyze the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in susceptible rice variety CO39 and its two near isogenic lines (NILs), CN-4a and CN-4b, in response to the infection of two isolates with different pathogenicity, GUY11 and 81278ZB15. A total of 50 DEPs with more than 1.5-fold reproducible change were identified. At 24 and 48 hpi of GUY11, 32 and 16 proteins in CN-4b were up-regulated, among which 16 and five were paralleled with the expression of their corresponding RNAs. Moreover, 13 of 50 DEPs were reported to be induced by M. grisea in previous publications. Considering the phenotypes of the three tested rice varieties, we found that 21 and 23 up-regulated proteins were responsible for the rice resistant ability to the two different blast isolates, 81278ZB15 and GUY11, respectively. Two distinct branches corresponding to GUY11 and 81278ZB15 were observed in the expression and function of the module cluster of DEPs, illuminating that the DEPs could be responsible for race-specific resistant ability in rice. In other words, DEPs in rice are involved in different patterns and functional modules’ response to different pathogenic race infection, inducing race-specific resistant ability in rice.

scholarly journals Abiotic Stress Tolerance-Progress and Pathways of Sustainable Rice Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2078
Author(s):  
Manzoor H. Dar ◽  
Dilruba A. Bano ◽  
Showkat A. Waza ◽  
Najam W. Zaidi ◽  
Asma Majid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Private And Public

Rice is globally a major food crop and its production has progressively been affected by various types of abiotic stresses especially drought, flooding, salinity, heat and cold in most of the cultivable rice ecosystems. The incidence, intensity and duration of these stresses are anticipated to aggravate due to climate change consequences, demanding resilient yields in these situations to be essential. Present paper deals with reviewing various types of abiotic stresses and their mitigation strategies for enhancing and stabilizing rice production in stress prone areas. Review of available literature pertaining to the study area has been used as research methodology for this paper. The available literature suggests that stress-tolerant varieties can serve as the most viable strategy to contribute in coping with the problem of abiotic stresses. Although, good progress has been made in the development of stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs) and incessant efforts are being made to spread these varieties in target areas, adoption by farmers is yet to meet expectations. Advantage, affordability, awareness and availability are the main factors responsible for adopting of any technology. The adoption of stress-tolerant varieties has not reached its potential, predominantly due to the lack of awareness and non-availability of seeds amongst farmers. Strategic and intentional collaborations should be ensured for scaling the sustainable delivery and diffusion of STRVs. A promotional roadmap that ensures the linkages between private and public seed sectors remains the key factor for its successful adoption. Similarly, strengthening of formal, informal and semi-formal seed systems is crucial to accelerate the dissemination of these varieties. There is an imperative need to create strategic plans for the development of varieties possessing multiple stress tolerance. Significant investments for sustainability of rice production in stress prone areas form the essential component of long-term agricultural development. The sooner these investments and strategies are accomplished, the greater the gains are expected.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Rice Varietal Development for Durable Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses through Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10806
Author(s):  
Md Azadul Haque ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Martini Mohammad Yusoff ◽  
Nusaibah Syd Ali ◽  
Oladosu Yusuff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice growth, development and grain yield. Traditional rice breeding techniques are insufficient in modern agriculture to meet the growing population’s food needs on a long-term basis. The development of DNA markers closely linked to target genes or QTLs on rice chromosomes, and advanced molecular techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), have encouraged the evolution of contemporary techniques in rice genetics and breeding, such as gene pyramiding. Gene pyramiding refers to the act of combining two or more genes from multiple parents into a single genotype, which allows the overexpression of more than one gene for broad-spectrum abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Marker-assisted pedigree, backcrossing and pseudo-backcrossing methods can increase the conventional breeding speed by reducing the number of breeding generations in order to enhance the pyramiding process. Pyramiding is affected by several factors: the number of transferred genes; the range within gene and flanking markers; the number of chosen populations in every breeding generation; the features of genes and germplasms; and the potentiality of breeders to identify the target genes. Modern breeding methods, such as the marker-assisted backcrossing approach, have made gene pyramiding more precise and reliable for the development of stress-tolerant rice varieties in the coming decades. This review presents up-to-date knowledge on gene pyramiding schemes, marker-assisted gene pyramiding techniques, the efficiency of marker-assisted gene pyramiding and the advantages and limitations of gene pyramiding methods. This review also reports on the potential application of marker-assisted selection breeding to develop stress-tolerant rice varieties that stabilize abiotic and biotic stresses. This review will help rice breeders to improve yields by increasing rice productivity under abiotic and biotic stress conditions.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors Associated with Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance and Their Potential for Crops Improvement

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baillo ◽  
Kimotho ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Xu
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tf Gene

In field conditions, crops are adversely affected by a wide range of abiotic stresses including drought, cold, salt, and heat, as well as biotic stresses including pests and pathogens. These stresses can have a marked effect on crop yield. The present and future effects of climate change necessitate the improvement of crop stress tolerance. Plants have evolved sophisticated stress response strategies, and genes that encode transcription factors (TFs) that are master regulators of stress-responsive genes are excellent candidates for crop improvement. Related examples in recent studies include TF gene modulation and overexpression approaches in crop species to enhance stress tolerance. However, much remains to be discovered about the diverse plant TFs. Of the >80 TF families, only a few, such as NAC, MYB, WRKY, bZIP, and ERF/DREB, with vital roles in abiotic and biotic stress responses have been intensively studied. Moreover, although significant progress has been made in deciphering the roles of TFs in important cereal crops, fewer TF genes have been elucidated in sorghum. As a model drought-tolerant crop, sorghum research warrants further focus. This review summarizes recent progress on major TF families associated with abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and their potential for crop improvement, particularly in sorghum. Other TF families and non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression are discussed briefly. Despite the emphasis on sorghum, numerous examples from wheat, rice, maize, and barley are included. Collectively, the aim of this review is to illustrate the potential application of TF genes for stress tolerance improvement and the engineering of resistant crops, with an emphasis on sorghum.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTION OF INDUCED MUTATION IN CROPS TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Fatma Sarsu
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Global Food

Mutation breeding for crop improvement is a technique used for over 70 years. It is a fast way to increase the rate of spontaneous genetic variation in plants contributing to global food security.  The genetic variability, created through mutagenesis i.e. physical or chemical, is an important breeding material for developing improved varieties and many studies in the field of functional genomics. The randomly generated heritable genetic changes are expressed in the mutant plants, which are selected for new and useful traits, such as high yielding, disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stresses and improved nutritional quality. The technique helps to improve the tolerance of crop species to adverse climatic conditions, such as extremes of temperatures, drought, occurrence of pests and diseases. Through support provided by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division, significant agronomic and economic impact has been generated in many countries. The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database (MVD) (http://mvd.iaea.org) demonstrates the significance of mutation induction as an efficient tool in crop improvement. The extensive use of induced mutant germplasms in crop improvement programmes resulted in releasing of more than 3,332 mutant varieties from around 228 crop species (20 July 2020).

scholarly journals Impact of future elevated carbon dioxide on C3 plant resistance to biotic stresses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn Bazinet ◽  
Lawrence Tang ◽  
Jacquie Bede
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
C3 Plant ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Global Food

Before the end of the century, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are predicted to increase to ~900 ppm. This will dramatically affect plant physiology and influence environmental interactions and, in particular, plant resistance to biotic stresses. This review is a broad survey of the current research on the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on phytohormone-mediated resistance of C3 agricultural crops and related model species to pathogens and insect herbivores. In general, while plants grown in eCO2 often have increased constitutive and induced salicylic acid levels and suppressed induced jasmonate levels, there are exceptions that implicate other environmental factors, such as light and nitrogen fertilization in modulating these responses. Therefore, this review sets the stage for future studies to delve into understanding the mechanistic basis behind how eCO2 will affect plant defensive phytohormone signaling pathways under future predicted environmental conditions that could threaten global food security to inform the best agricultural management practices.

scholarly journals Exploration of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an Underutilized Crop, to Aid Global Food Security: Varietal Improvement, Genetic Diversity and Processing

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismaila Muhammad ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Muhamad Hazim Nazli ◽  
Abdul Rahim Harun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Underutilized Crop ◽  
Global Food

Currently, the global agricultural system is focused on a limited number of crop species, thereby presenting a threat to food security and supply, especially with predicted global climate change conditions. The importance of ‘underutilized’ crop species in meeting the world’s demand for food has been duly recognized by research communities, governments and policy makers worldwide. The development of underutilized crops, with their vast genetic resources and beneficial traits, may be a useful step towards solving food security challenges by offering a multifaceted agricultural system that includes additional important food resources. Bambara groundnut is among the beneficial underutilized crop species that may have a positive impact on global food security through organized and well-coordinated multidimensional breeding programs. The excessive degrees of allelic difference in Bambara groundnut germplasm could be exploited in breeding activities to develop new varieties. It is important to match recognized breeding objectives with documented diversity in order to significantly improve breeding. This review assesses the genetic diversity of Bambara groundnut, as well as important factors involved in realizing and harnessing the potential of this crop.

scholarly journals Rice Blast: A Disease with Implications for Global Food Security

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziiba Emmanuel Asibi ◽  
Qiang Chai ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Food

Rice blast is a serious fungal disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) that is threatening global food security. It has been extensively studied due to the importance of rice production and consumption, and because of its vast distribution and destructiveness across the world. Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara 1892 (A), can infect aboveground tissues of rice plants at any growth stage and cause total crop failure. The pathogen produces lesions on leaves (leaf blast), leaf collars (collar blast), culms, culm nodes, panicle neck nodes (neck rot), and panicles (panicle blast), which vary in color and shape depending on varietal resistance, environmental conditions, and age. Understanding how rice blast is affected by environmental conditions at the cellular and genetic level will provide critical insight into incidence of the disease in future climates for effective decision-making and management. Integrative strategies are required for successful control of rice blast, including chemical use, biocontrol, selection of advanced breeding lines and cultivars with resistance genes, investigating genetic diversity and virulence of the pathogen, forecasting and mapping distribution of the disease and pathogen races, and examining the role of wild rice and weeds in rice blast epidemics. These tactics should be integrated with agronomic practices including the removal of crop residues to decrease pathogen survival, crop and land rotations, avoiding broadcast planting and double cropping, water management, and removal of yield-limiting factors for rice production. Such an approach, where chemical use is based on crop injury and estimated yield and economic losses, is fundamental for the sustainable control of rice blast to improve rice production for global food security.

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