scholarly journals Primary Energy Factor for Electricity Mix: The Case of Slovenia

Energy Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaž Prek
Keyword(s):  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Electricity Mix

scholarly journals Evaluation of Primary Energy from Photovoltaics for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB): A Case Study in Lithuania

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Violeta Medelienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
The Difference

The European Commission has set the target in the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) to reduce EU primary energy consumption in 2020 by 20%. A crucial aspect of the overall assessment of energy saving measures that affect electricity demand is the primary energy factor that is used for evaluation of primary energy consumption from renewable energy resources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). The analysis of the resources has revealed that energy from photovoltaics is evaluated using different methods. Therefore, this article’s aim is to investigate and evaluate the primary energy factor of energy from photovoltaics using the data of produced and consumed energy of 30 photovoltaic (PV) systems operating in Lithuania. Investigation results show that the difference of non-renewable primary energy factor between the PV systems due to capacities is 35%. In addition, the results of the studies show that the average value of the primary energy factor of PV systems in Lithuania is 1.038.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Influence of the Primary Energy Factor of Hydropower Plants in the Methodology for Assessing the Energy Performance of Buildings

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Monika Šadauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Energy Performance Of Buildings ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants

There is currently no common or standardized procedure for certification of the energy performance of buildings, as each EU Member State takes into account the specificities of its own construction sector when implementing the provisions of Directive 2010/31/EU. This usually depends on two features: the purpose of the building and the climate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the hydropower primary energy factor on assessing the energy performance of buildings. For this purpose, non-renewable primary energy factor values were analyzed regarding actual energy production and consumption data from 19 Lithuanian hydroelectric plants. The results of the studies show that the average value of the non-renewable primary energy factor of hydropower plants is 0.059.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Primary Energy Factor Values of Wind Turbines

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Patrikas Bruzgevičius ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Eu Member States

In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, much attention has been paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is one type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article was to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of 100 investigated wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. Investigation results showed that the difference of the non-renewable primary energy factor between wind turbines due to capacity is 35%. This paper provides a recommendation with regard to EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations: All EU member states should use the same or very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factor of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals High-Temperature Geothermal Utilization in the Context of European Energy Policy—Implications and Limitations

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ros Karlsdottir ◽  
Jukka Heinonen ◽  
Halldor Palsson ◽  
Olafur Petur Palsson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Geothermal Power

The European Union (EU) has made climate change mitigation a high priority though a policy framework called “Clean Energy for all Europeans “. The concept of primary energy for energy resources plays a critical role in how different energy technologies appear in the context of this policy. This study shows how the calculation methodologies of primary energy content and primary energy factors pose a possible negative implication on the future development of geothermal energy when comparing against EU’s key energy policy targets for 2030. Following the current definitions of primary energy, geothermal utilization becomes the most inefficient resource in terms of primary energy use, thus contradicting key targets of increased energy efficiency in buildings and in the overall energy use of member states. We use a case study of Hellisheidi, an existing geothermal power plant in Iceland, to demonstrate how the standard primary energy factor for geothermal in EU energy policy is highly overestimated for efficient geothermal power plants. Moreover, we combine life cycle assessment and the commonly utilized combined heat and power production allocation methods to extract the non-renewable primary energy factor for geothermal and show how it is only a minimal fraction of the total primary energy factor for geothermal. The findings of the study apply to other geothermal plants within the coverage of the European Union’s energy policy, whether from high- or low-temperature geothermal resources. Geothermal has substantial potential to aid in achieving the key energy and climate targets. Still, with the current definition of the primary energy of geothermal resources, it may not reach the potential.

scholarly journals Comparison of Technologies for CO2 Capture from Cement Production—Part 1: Technical Evaluation

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Voldsund ◽  
Stefania Gardarsdottir ◽  
Edoardo De Lena ◽  
José-Francisco Pérez-Calvo ◽  
Armin Jamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Emission Abatement ◽  
Calcium Looping ◽  
Electricity Mix ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
The Individual

A technical evaluation of CO2 capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant is performed. The investigated technologies are the oxyfuel process, the chilled ammonia process, membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction, and the calcium looping process with tail-end and integrated configurations. For comparison, absorption with monoethanolamine (MEA) is used as reference technology. The focus of the evaluation is on emission abatement, energy performance, and retrofitability. All the investigated technologies perform better than the reference both in terms of emission abatement and energy consumption. The equivalent CO2 avoided are 73–90%, while it is 64% for MEA, considering the average EU-28 electricity mix. The specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided is 1.63–4.07 MJ/kg CO2, compared to 7.08 MJ/kg CO2 for MEA. The calcium looping technologies have the highest emission abatement potential, while the oxyfuel process has the best energy performance. When it comes to retrofitability, the post-combustion technologies show significant advantages compared to the oxyfuel and to the integrated calcium looping technologies. Furthermore, the performance of the individual technologies shows strong dependencies on site-specific and plant-specific factors. Therefore, rather than identifying one single best technology, it is emphasized that CO2 capture in the cement industry should be performed with a portfolio of capture technologies, where the preferred choice for each specific plant depends on local factors.

scholarly journals Analysis of Primary Energy Factors from Photovoltaic Systems for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB): A Case Study in Lithuania

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Violeta Medelienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Energy Factors

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems’ capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

scholarly journals Corollaries of Point Spread Function with Asymmetric Apodization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar Reddy Andra ◽  
Udaya Laxmi Sriperumbudur ◽  
Karuna Sagar Dasari
Keyword(s):  
Point Spread Function ◽  
Merit Function ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Pupil Function ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Point Spread ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Spread Function

Primary energy based corollaries of point spread function with asymmetric apodization using complex pupil function have been studied in the case of three-zone aperture. Merit function like semicircled energy factor, excluded semicircled energy, and displaced semicircled energy were analyzed with respect to Airy case in terms of phase and amplitude apodization. Analytical results have been presented for the optimum parameters of phase and amplitude asymmetric apodization.

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