scholarly journals Nuclear Power and Resource Efficiency—A Proposal for a Revised Primary Energy Factor

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Energy Factor

scholarly journals Evaluation of Primary Energy from Photovoltaics for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB): A Case Study in Lithuania

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Violeta Medelienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
The Difference

The European Commission has set the target in the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) to reduce EU primary energy consumption in 2020 by 20%. A crucial aspect of the overall assessment of energy saving measures that affect electricity demand is the primary energy factor that is used for evaluation of primary energy consumption from renewable energy resources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). The analysis of the resources has revealed that energy from photovoltaics is evaluated using different methods. Therefore, this article’s aim is to investigate and evaluate the primary energy factor of energy from photovoltaics using the data of produced and consumed energy of 30 photovoltaic (PV) systems operating in Lithuania. Investigation results show that the difference of non-renewable primary energy factor between the PV systems due to capacities is 35%. In addition, the results of the studies show that the average value of the primary energy factor of PV systems in Lithuania is 1.038.

Hydrogen: A Very Promising Energy Carrier for the Future

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenophon K. Kakatsios
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Carrier ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Future

As we enter the new century, new fuels may be required for both stationary power and transportation to ameliorate the triple threats of local air pollution, global climate change and dependence on unstable nations for imported oil. Shifting away from fossil fuels may be essential within decades if citizens in the developing world achieve even a significant fraction of the per capita energy consumption enjoyed by the industrial nations. Business-as-usual or evolutionary shifts in energy consumption patterns may not be adequate. New paradigms and new energy initiatives may be required to protect the environment while providing the energy services we have come to expect. Hydrogen could play a significant role as a clean energy carrier in the future for both stationary and transportation markets. Produced from renewable energy or nuclear power, hydrogen could become the backbone of a truly sustainable energy future – an energy system that consumes no non-renewable resources and creates no pollution or greenhouse gases of any type during operation. However, to achieve this potential, hydrogen must overcome serious economic, technological and safety perception barriers before it can displace fossil fuels as the primary energy carrier throughout the world. In this paper we explore the current status of hydrogen and fuel cell systems compared to other fuel options for reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and suggest the introduction of hydrogen into the energy economy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Influence of the Primary Energy Factor of Hydropower Plants in the Methodology for Assessing the Energy Performance of Buildings

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Monika Šadauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Energy Performance Of Buildings ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Hydroelectric Plants

There is currently no common or standardized procedure for certification of the energy performance of buildings, as each EU Member State takes into account the specificities of its own construction sector when implementing the provisions of Directive 2010/31/EU. This usually depends on two features: the purpose of the building and the climate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the hydropower primary energy factor on assessing the energy performance of buildings. For this purpose, non-renewable primary energy factor values were analyzed regarding actual energy production and consumption data from 19 Lithuanian hydroelectric plants. The results of the studies show that the average value of the non-renewable primary energy factor of hydropower plants is 0.059.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Primary Energy Factor Values of Wind Turbines

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Patrikas Bruzgevičius ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Eu Member States

In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, much attention has been paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is one type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article was to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of 100 investigated wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. Investigation results showed that the difference of the non-renewable primary energy factor between wind turbines due to capacity is 35%. This paper provides a recommendation with regard to EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations: All EU member states should use the same or very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factor of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

The Fast Breeder Reactor — Energy without Depletion of Natural Resources

1976 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
R. D. Vaughan ◽  
A. A. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Fast Reactors ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
Fast Breeder Reactors ◽  
Breeder Reactors ◽  
Fuel Reprocessing

SYNOPSIS. Nuclear power should account for 20% of primary energy production in the Western world by the end of the century, but only if growth of generating capacity can be freed of the constraint of uranium supply. It is shown that, providing fast breeder reactors and their associated fuel reprocessing facilities are developed quickly, a substantial increase in nuclear capacity could be provided by fast reactors. The relative importance of various fuel cycle parameters is spelt out and brief accounts are given of the alternative fast reactors being developed to meet the requirements.

scholarly journals High-Temperature Geothermal Utilization in the Context of European Energy Policy—Implications and Limitations

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ros Karlsdottir ◽  
Jukka Heinonen ◽  
Halldor Palsson ◽  
Olafur Petur Palsson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Geothermal Power

The European Union (EU) has made climate change mitigation a high priority though a policy framework called “Clean Energy for all Europeans “. The concept of primary energy for energy resources plays a critical role in how different energy technologies appear in the context of this policy. This study shows how the calculation methodologies of primary energy content and primary energy factors pose a possible negative implication on the future development of geothermal energy when comparing against EU’s key energy policy targets for 2030. Following the current definitions of primary energy, geothermal utilization becomes the most inefficient resource in terms of primary energy use, thus contradicting key targets of increased energy efficiency in buildings and in the overall energy use of member states. We use a case study of Hellisheidi, an existing geothermal power plant in Iceland, to demonstrate how the standard primary energy factor for geothermal in EU energy policy is highly overestimated for efficient geothermal power plants. Moreover, we combine life cycle assessment and the commonly utilized combined heat and power production allocation methods to extract the non-renewable primary energy factor for geothermal and show how it is only a minimal fraction of the total primary energy factor for geothermal. The findings of the study apply to other geothermal plants within the coverage of the European Union’s energy policy, whether from high- or low-temperature geothermal resources. Geothermal has substantial potential to aid in achieving the key energy and climate targets. Still, with the current definition of the primary energy of geothermal resources, it may not reach the potential.

Grid Collapse Security, Stability and Vulnerability Issues: Impactful Issues Affecting Nuclear Power Plants, Chemical Plants and Natural Gas Supply Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McCreight
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Chemical Plants ◽  
Cyber Attack

Abstract Vulnerability to extended power outages stemming from grid collapse triggered by terrorism, technological accident, cyber attack or geomagnetic storms is understood to mean the widest possible spectrum of immediate and downstream consequences for our nations critical infrastructure. Regrettably few realistic plans are in place for dealing with this risk especially as it pertains to three primary energy systems of strategic significance to the United States – nuclear power, chemical manufacturing and natural gas supplies. The author argues that greater sustained attention is needed to upgrade the resilience of these systems, foster greater sharing of remedies among them to offset the worst effects of grid collapse which exceeds 15 consecutive calendar days and build collective avenues of enhanced risk mitigation against such scenarios.

scholarly journals Analysis of Primary Energy Factors from Photovoltaic Systems for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB): A Case Study in Lithuania

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Violeta Medelienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Energy Factors

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems’ capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document