Introductory Chapter: Organization and Function of Sensory Nervous Systems

Defining Urban Science

Urban Informatics - The Urban Book Series ◽

10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-28

Author(s):

Michael Batty

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Spatial Interaction ◽

Urban Informatics ◽

Form And Function ◽

Urban Science ◽

Operational Models ◽

And Function ◽

The City ◽

Different Levels

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the theories and models that constitute what has come to be called urban science. Explaining and measuring the spatial structure of the city in terms of its form and function is one of the main goals of this science. It provides links between the way various theories about how the city is formed, in terms of its economy and social structure, and how these theories might be transformed into models that constitute the operational tools of urban informatics. First the idea of the city as a system is introduced, and then various models pertaining to the forces that determine what is located where in the city are presented. How these activities are linked to one another through flows and networks are then introduced. These models relate to formal models of spatial interaction, the distribution of the sizes of different cities, and the qualitative changes that take place as cities grow and evolve to different levels. Scaling is one of the major themes uniting these different elements grounding this science within the emerging field of complexity. We then illustrate how we might translate these ideas into operational models which are at the cutting edge of the new tools that are being developed in urban informatics, and which are elaborated in various chapters dealing with modeling and mobility throughout this book.

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Introduction: The Bollywood Eclipse

Bollywood and Postmodernism ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696345.003.0001 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Neelam Sidhar Wright

Keyword(s):

First Century ◽

Film Production ◽

Indian Cinema ◽

Aesthetic Style ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

And Function ◽

Film Language

This book examines changes in Bollywood's film production during the twenty-first century, and particularly after its economic liberalisation, giving rise to a ‘New Bollywood’. It shows how the Indian cinema has acquired evidently postmodern qualities and explains what postmodernism means in the context of Bollywood cinema. It also considers what postmodernism tells us about the change and function of Bollywood film language after the twenty-first century. The book describes Bollywood's ‘postmodern turn’ as a form of transformation that reworks or revisits previous aesthetic trends in order to produce a radically different aesthetic. ‘New Bollywood’ refers to contemporary films characterised by a strong postmodern aesthetic style which was not as present in the 1990s. This introductory chapter discusses the meaning of ‘contemporary Bollywood’, postmodernism as a means of reading and interpreting films, and the structure of the book.

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Labour Law from an Ontological Perspective

Labour and the Wage ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198858898.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Zoe Adams

Keyword(s):

Social Ontology ◽

Labour Law ◽

The Law ◽

And Function

This introductory chapter explains the motivation behind the book. It argues that it is unhelpful to talk about what labour law should be doing, and how, without a deeper understanding both of what law is, its ontology, and the nature of the society to which it is specific. The chapter introduces key themes and ideas, and outlines, briefly, the chapters to follow. It introduces the reader to social ontology, and the particular approach to social ontology inspiring the book. It contrasts two competing conceptions of the law–market and law–society relationship, and explains how these conceptions influence assumptions about the nature, and function, of labour law, and of the concept of the wage.

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1. Introduction

Anson's Law of Contract ◽

10.1093/he/9780198829973.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-28

Author(s):

Jack Beatson ◽

Andrew Burrows ◽

John Cartwright

Keyword(s):

Contract Law ◽

Property Law ◽

Unjust Enrichment ◽

Different Types ◽

English Law ◽

The Law ◽

Contractual Obligations ◽

And Function

This introductory chapter first considers the nature and function of contract. It then discusses the contractual obligations in English law; the content of the contract law as set out in this book, which is concerned with the ‘general principles’ of contract rather than the detailed rules applicable to different types of contracts; the location of contract as part of the law of obligations and its relation to other parts of the law of obligations, tort and restitution of an unjust enrichment, and property law.

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Introduction: how language works in politics

How Language Works in Politics ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781529200201.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 3-32

Author(s):

Matthew Williams

Keyword(s):

Computer Assisted ◽

British Politics ◽

Form And Function ◽

It Impacts ◽

Legislative Language ◽

And Function ◽

Assisted Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This book examines how language works in democratic politics and how it impacts the effectiveness of policy. Using evidence from the first computer-assisted analysis of all 41.5 million words of legislation enacted from 1900 to 2015, it tracks the major changes in form and function that Parliament's use of language has undergone over time and the reasons for such changes. More importantly, it explores the policy and social implications of changes in legislative language as well as the issue of legislative indeterminacy. This introductory chapter discusses the questions, arguments and aims of the book and reviews the literature on the operation of language in British politics, along with the impact of legislative language on policy effectiveness. It also explains what specifically the book contributes to the existing literature, describes the research design, and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.

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Signal Regeneration and Function Rebuilding Using Microelectronic Neural Bridge between Two Far-Separated Nervous Systems

2011 International Conference on Body Sensor Networks ◽

10.1109/bsn.2011.25 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zhi-Gong Wang ◽

Xiao-Ying Lü ◽

Wen-Yuan Li ◽

Xiaoyan Shen ◽

Zonghao Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous Systems ◽

Signal Regeneration ◽

And Function

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Noun categorization devices

Genders and Classifiers ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198842019.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald

Keyword(s):

African Languages ◽

Number Words ◽

Large Sets ◽

Noun Classes ◽

Possessive Constructions ◽

And Gender ◽

Verbal Classifiers ◽

And Function ◽

Asian Languages

A noun may refer to a man, a woman, an animal, or an inanimate object of varied shape, size, and function, or have abstract reference. Noun categorization devices vary in their expression, and the contexts in which they occur. Large sets of numeral classifiers in South-East Asian languages occur with number words and quantifying expressions. Small highly grammaticalized noun classes and gender systems in Indo-European and African languages, and the languages of the Americas are expressed with agreement markers on adjectives, demonstratives, and also on the noun itself. Further means include noun classifiers, classifiers in possessive constructions, verbal classifiers, and two lesser-known types: locative and deictic classifiers. This introductory chapter offers a general typological background, focusing on issues in noun categorization devices particularly relevant for this volume.

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