Signal Regeneration and Function Rebuilding Using Microelectronic Neural Bridge between Two Far-Separated Nervous Systems

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Gong Wang ◽  
Xiao-Ying Lü ◽  
Wen-Yuan Li ◽  
Xiaoyan Shen ◽  
Zonghao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Signal Regeneration ◽  
And Function

ARTHROPOD NERVOUS SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1946 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Welsh ◽  
William Schallek
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
And Function

Microelectronic neural bridge for signal regeneration and function rebuilding over two separate nerves

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 065011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Shen ◽  
Zhigong Wang ◽  
Xiaoying Lü ◽  
Shushan Xie ◽  
Zonghao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Signal Regeneration ◽  
And Function

The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: structure and function

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Rutka ◽  
Gerard Apodaca ◽  
Robert Stern ◽  
Mark Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Biological Adhesive ◽  
And Function

✓ The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the naturally occurring substrate upon which cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate. The ECM functions as a biological adhesive that maintains the normal cytoarchitecture of different tissues and defines the key spatial relationships among dissimilar cell types. A loss of coordination and an alteration in the interactions between mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells separated by an ECM are thought to be fundamental steps in the development and progression of cancer. Although a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated concerning the role of the ECM in most other tissues, much less is known of the structure and function of the ECM in the nervous system. Recent experiments in mammalian systems have shown that an increased knowledge of the ECM in the nervous system can lead to a better understanding of complex neurobiological processes under developmental, normal, and pathological conditions. This review focuses on the structure and function of the ECM in the peripheral and central nervous systems and on the importance of ECM macromolecules in axonal regeneration, cerebral edema, and cerebral neoplasia.

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) in nematodes: occurrence and neuromuscular physiology

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Maule ◽  
J. W. Bowman ◽  
D. P. Thompson ◽  
N. J. Marks ◽  
A. R. Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Nitric Oxide Release ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Messenger Molecules ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
And Function ◽  
Encoding Genes

SUMMARYThe occurrence of classical neurotransmitter molecules and numerous peptidic messenger molecules in nematode nervous systems indicate that although structurally simple, nematode nervous systems are chemically complex. Thus far, studies on one nematode neuropeptide family, namely the FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), have revealed an unexpected variety of neuropeptide structures in both free-living and parasitic species. To date 23 nematode FaRPs have been structurally characterized including 12 from Ascaris suum, 8 from Caenorhabditis elegans, 5 from Panagrellus redivivus and 1 from Haemonchus contortus. Ten FaRP-encoding genes have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the full complement of nematode neuronal messengers has yet to be described and unidentified nematode FaRPs await detection. Preliminary characterization of the actions of nematode neuropeptides on the somatic musculature and neurones of A. suum has revealed that these peptidic messengers have potent and complex effects. Identified complexities include the biphasic effects of KNEFIRFamide/KHEYLRFamide (AF1/2; relaxation of tone followed by oscillatory contractile activity) and KPNFIRFamide (PF4; rapid relaxation of tone followed by an increase in tone), the diverse actions of KSAYMRFamide (AF8 or PF3; relaxes dorsal muscles and contracts ventral muscles) and the apparent coupling of the relaxatory effects of SDPNFLRFamide/SADPNFLRFamide (PF1/PF2) to nitric oxide release. Indeed, all of the nematode FaRPs which have been tested on somatic muscle strips of A. suum have actions which are clearly physiologically distinguishable. Although we are a very long way from understanding how the actions of these peptides are co-ordinated, not only with those of each other but also with those of the classical transmitter molecules, to control nematode behaviour, their abundance coupled with their diversity of structure and function indicates a hitherto unidentified sophistication to nematode neuromuscular intergration.

scholarly journals Synaptic plasticity induced by differential manipulation of tonic and phasic motoneurons in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Aponte-Santiago ◽  
Kiel G. Ormerod ◽  
Yulia Akbergenova ◽  
J. Troy Littleton
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Target Display ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Muscle Innervation ◽  
Synaptic Boutons ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

AbstractStructural and functional plasticity induced by neuronal competition is a common feature of developing nervous systems. However, the rules governing how postsynaptic cells differentiate between presynaptic inputs are unclear. In this study we characterized synaptic interactions following manipulations of Ib tonic or Is phasic glutamatergic motoneurons that co-innervate postsynaptic muscles at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). After identifying drivers for each neuronal subtype, we performed ablation or genetic manipulations to alter neuronal activity and examined the effects on synaptic innervation and function. Ablation of either Ib or Is resulted in decreased muscle response, with some functional compensation occurring in the tonic Ib input when Is was missing. In contrast, the phasic Is terminal failed to show functional or structural changes following loss of the co-innervating Ib input. Decreasing the activity of the Ib or Is neuron with tetanus toxin light chain resulted in structural changes in muscle innervation. Decreased Ib activity resulted in reduced active zone (AZ) number and decreased postsynaptic subsynaptic reticulum (SSR) volume, with the emergence of filopodial-like protrusions from synaptic boutons of the Ib input. Decreased Is activity did not induce structural changes at its own synapses, but the co-innervating Ib motoneuron increased the number of synaptic boutons and AZs it formed. These findings indicate tonic and phasic neurons respond independently to changes in activity, with either functional or structural alterations in the tonic motoneuron occurring following ablation or reduced activity of the co-innervating phasic input, respectively.Significance StatementBoth invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems display synaptic plasticity in response to behavioral experiences, indicating underlying mechanisms emerged early in evolution. How specific neuronal classes innervating the same postsynaptic target display distinct types of plasticity is unclear. Here, we examined if Drosophila tonic Ib and phasic Is motoneurons display competitive or cooperative interactions during innervation of the same muscle, or compensatory changes when the output of one motoneuron is altered. We established a system to differentially manipulate the motoneurons and examined the effects of cell-type specific changes to one of the inputs. Our findings indicate Ib and Is motoneurons respond differently to activity mismatch or loss of the co-innervating input, with the tonic subclass responding robustly compared to phasic motoneurons.

scholarly journals A flexible genetic toolkit for arthropod neurogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1685) ◽  
pp. 20150044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Stollewerk
Keyword(s):  
Neural Precursors ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Neural Genes ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Early Neurogenesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
Genetic Toolkit

Arthropods show considerable variations in early neurogenesis. This includes the pattern of specification, division and movement of neural precursors and progenitors. In all metazoans with nervous systems, including arthropods, conserved genes regulate neurogenesis, which raises the question of how the various morphological mechanisms have emerged and how the same genetic toolkit might generate different morphological outcomes. Here I address this question by comparing neurogenesis across arthropods and show how variations in the regulation and function of the neural genes might explain this phenomenon and how they might have facilitated the evolution of the diverse morphological mechanisms of neurogenesis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document