scholarly journals Persistent Barriers to Implementing Efficacious Mosquito Control Activities in the Continental United States: Insights from Vector Control Experts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imelda K. Moise ◽  
Leo C. Zulu ◽  
Douglas O. Fuller ◽  
John C. Beier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Control

scholarly journals NEVBD Pesticide Resistance Monitoring Network: Establishing a Centralized Network to Increase Regional Capacity for Pesticide Resistance Detection and Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Burtis ◽  
Joseph D Poggi ◽  
Joseph R McMillan ◽  
Scott C Crans ◽  
Scott R Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis ◽  
Resistance Monitoring

Abstract Pesticide resistance in arthropod vectors of disease agents is a growing issue globally. Despite the importance of resistance monitoring to inform mosquito control programs, no regional monitoring programs exist in the United States. The Northeastern Regional Center for Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases (NEVBD) is a consortium of researchers and public health practitioners with a primary goal of supporting regional vector control activities. NEVBD initiated a pesticide resistance monitoring program to detect resistant mosquito populations throughout the northeastern United States. A regionwide survey was distributed to vector control agencies to determine needs and refine program development and in response, a specimen submission system was established, allowing agencies to submit Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera:Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) for pesticide resistance testing. NEVBD also established larvicide resistance diagnostics for Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and methoprene. Additional diagnostics were developed for Cx. pipiens resistance to Lysinibacillus sphaericus. We received 58 survey responses, representing at least one agency from each of the 13 northeastern U.S. states. Results indicated that larvicides were deployed more frequently than adulticides, but rarely paired with resistance monitoring. Over 18,000 mosquitoes were tested from six states. Widespread low-level (1 × LC-99) methoprene resistance was detected in Cx. pipiens, but not in Ae. albopictus. No resistance to Bti or L. sphaericus was detected. Resistance to pyrethroids was detected in many locations for both species. Our results highlight the need for increased pesticide resistance testing in the United States and we provide guidance for building a centralized pesticide resistance testing program.

scholarly journals Control of Aedes aegypti in a remote Guatemalan community vulnerable to dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus: Prospective evaluation of an integrated intervention of web-based health worker training in vector control, low-cost ecological ovillantas, and community engagement

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Gerard Ulibarri ◽  
Angel Betanzos ◽  
Mireya Betanzos ◽  
Juan Jacobo Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Health Personnel ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Worker Training ◽  
Integrated Intervention

Objective: To study the effectiveness of an integrated intervention of health worker training, a low-cost ecological mosquito ovitrap, and community engagement on Aedes spp. mosquito control over 10 months in 2015 in an urban remote community in Guatemala at risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus transmission. Methods: We implemented a three-component integrated intervention consisting of: web-based training of local health personnel in vector control, cluster-randomized assignment of ecological ovillantas or standard ovitraps to capture Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs, and community engagement to promote participation of community members and health personnel in the understanding and maintenance of ovitraps for mosquito control. The intervention was implemented in local collaboration with the Ministry of Health’s Vector Control Programme, and in international collaboration with the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico. Findings: Eighty percent of the 25 local health personnel enrolled in the training programme received accreditation of their improved knowledge of vector control. Significantly more eggs were trapped by  ecological ovillantas than standard ovitraps over the 10 month (42 week) study period (t=5.2577; p<0.05). Among both community members and health workers, the levels of knowledge, interest, and participation in community mosquito control and trapping increased. Recommendations for enhancing and sustaining community mosquito control were identified. Conclusion: Our three-component integrated intervention proved beneficial to this remote community at risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The combination of training of health workers, low-cost ecological ovillanta to destroy the second generation of mosquitoes, and community engagement ensured the project met local needs and fostered collaboration and participation of the community, which can help improve sustainability. The ovillanta intervention and methodology may be modified to target other species such as Culex, should it be established that such mosquitoes carry Zika virus in addition to Aedes.

scholarly journals Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1562
Author(s):  
Saul Lozano ◽  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Lilyana Ortega ◽  
Maggie Silver ◽  
Roxanne Connelly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
News Media ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Use Of Resources

The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance.

Bionomics of Anopheles Arabiensis from Mamfene in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa): An Area of High Malaria Transmission in the Province

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Maharaj ◽  
Vishan Lakan ◽  
Kiash Maharaj
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Larval Control ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Although great strides have been made in controlling malaria, the disease is of significant public health importance. Historically, efforts to control the vector has concentrated on adult vector control targeting the female Anopheles mosquitoes. As there is now a focus on eliminating residual malaria from KwaZulu-Natal, new strategies are being investigated to increase the impact of malaria elimination strategies. Greater attention is now being given to larval control, as a complementary measure to indoor residual spraying. However, there is a large gap in knowledge of the bionomics of the larval stages of this mosquito vector of malaria in South Africa. In order to focus on both larval and adult mosquito control methods, larval development and the reproductive stages of the vector were investigated since these variables influences our ability to impact mosquito populations through larval control. This study was therefore conducted to determine the peak eruption times and the emergent sex ratios, as well as the peak egg oviposition time in order to attack the mosquito when it is at its most vulnerable and when control interventions will have the most impact.Results: Oviposition studies showed two peaks corresponding with late evening and again just before dawn. Most eggs were also laid in the first half of the night (18h00 – midnight). Most mosquitoes erupted just after sunset and the sex ratios showed that twice as many females as males emerged. Females readily took a bloodmeal after oviposition or just after erupting. Hatch rate to viable first instar larvae was 74.5%.Conclusions: The results of this study have provided information as to when interventions would be most effective in controlling mosquito populations and have provided information that highlights the value of larval control as a complementary measure to adult mosquito control. The most vulnerable stages of the female Anopheles arabiensis are when they have just emerged or when they have just oviposited. Vector control strategies should be designed to target these vulnerable stages at the breeding sites in order to have maximum impact.

The Potential of Biologically Active Brazilian Plant Species as a Strategy to Search for Molecular Models for Mosquito Control

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia Valli ◽  
Letícia Cristina Vieira Atanázio ◽  
Gustavo Claro Monteiro ◽  
Roberta Ramos Coelho ◽  
Daniel Pecoraro Demarque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Molecular Models ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Brazilian Biodiversity

AbstractNatural products are a valuable source of biologically active compounds and continue to play an important role in modern drug discovery due to their great structural diversity and unique biological properties. Brazilian biodiversity is one of the most extensive in the world and could be an effective source of new chemical entities for drug discovery. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and many other diseases of public health importance. These diseases have a major impact on tropical and subtropical countries, and their incidence has increased dramatically in recent decades, reaching billions of people at risk worldwide. The prevention of these diseases is mainly through vector control, which is becoming more difficult because of the emergence of resistant mosquito populations to the chemical insecticides. Strategies to provide efficient and safe vector control are needed, and secondary metabolites from plant species from the Brazilian biodiversity, especially Cerrado, that are biologically active for mosquito control are herein highlighted. Also, this is a literature revision of targets as insights to promote advances in the task of developing active compounds for vector control. In view of the expansion and occurrence of arboviruses diseases worldwide, scientific reviews on bioactive natural products are important to provide molecular models for vector control and contribute with effective measures to reduce their incidence.

scholarly journals Entomological Surveillance for Zika and Dengue Virus in Aedes Mosquitoes: Implications for Vector Control in Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat ◽  
Jarinee Tongshoob ◽  
Preeraya Singkhaimuk ◽  
Chanyapat Nitatsukprasert ◽  
Silas A. Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Dengue Case ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Envelope Sequence ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Entomological surveillance for arthropod-borne viruses is vital for monitoring vector-borne diseases and informing vector control programs. In this study, we conducted entomological surveillance in Zika virus endemic areas. In Thailand, it is standard protocol to perform mosquito control within 24 h of a reported dengue case. Aedes females were collected within 72 h of case reports from villages with recent Zika–human cases in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand in 2017 and 2018. Mosquitoes were bisected into head-thorax and abdomen and then screened for Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses using real-time RT-PCR. ZIKV RNA was detected in three samples from two female Ae. aegypti (1.4%). A partial envelope sequence analysis revealed that the ZIKV sequences were the Asian lineage identical to sequences from ZIKV-infected cases reported in Thailand during 2016 and 2017. Dengue virus-1 (DENV-1) and dengue virus-4 (DENV-4) were found in four Ae. aegypti females (2.8%), and partial capsid sequences were nearly identical with DENV-1 and DENV-4 from Thai human cases reported in 2017. Findings in the current study demonstrate the importance of entomological surveillance programs to public health mosquito-borne disease prevention measures and control.

Cryptic Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) Detection and Prevalence in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Midge Populations in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1262-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter Covey ◽  
Rafe H Hall ◽  
Alyssa Krafsur ◽  
Megan L Matthews ◽  
Phillip T Shults ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
16S Gene ◽  
Culicoides Sonorensis

Abstract Culicoides midges vector numerous veterinary and human pathogens. Many of these diseases lack effective therapeutic treatments or vaccines to limit transmission. The only effective approach to limit disease transmission is vector control. However, current vector control for Culicoides midges is complicated by the biology of many Culicoides species and is not always effective at reducing midge populations and impacting disease transmission. The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis Hertig may offer an alternative control approach to limit disease transmission and affect Culicoides populations. Here the detection of Wolbachia infections in nine species of Culicoides midges is reported. Infections were detected at low densities using qPCR. Wolbachia infections were confirmed with the sequencing of a partial region of the 16S gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones adults and dissected ovaries confirm the presence of Wolbachia infections in an important vector of Bluetongue and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses. The presence of Wolbachia in Culicoides populations in the United States suggests the need for further investigation of Wolbachia as a strategy to limit transmission of diseases vectored by Culicoides midges.

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