scholarly journals Reduction in the Sulfur Content of Fossil Fuels by Cunninghamella elegans (UCP 0596) to Dibenzothiophene Compound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Mendes de Souza ◽  
Thayse Alves de Lima e Silva ◽  
Marcos Antonio Barbosa Lima ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira Franco ◽  
Manfred Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cunninghamella Elegans

scholarly journals Oxidative Desulfurization of Heavy Oils with High Sulfur Content: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Houda ◽  
Christine Lancelot ◽  
Pascal Blanchard ◽  
Line Poinel ◽  
Carole Lamonier
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
High Sulfur Content ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ultrasound Technology ◽  
Hydrodesulfurization Process

The demand for clean fuels is increasing throughout the world, with more stringent environmental regulations for transportation fuels including marine fuels, particularly regarding their sulfur content. Moreover, the quality of crude oil and derived petroleum cuts is getting lower while fossil fuels are still in high demand. Heavy oils are characterized by high sulfur content where most sulfur is found in bulky thiophenic structures difficult to remove using conventional high pressure hydrodesulfurization process. However they appeared more reactive in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process, carried out at mild conditions without hydrogen pressure. This review focuses for the first time on the heavy fuels initially containing more than 0.5 wt.%S and upgraded by the ODS process. Different attractive approaches of the literature towards ODS are reported using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Recent developments in ODS assisted with ultrasound technology and the use of ionic liquid to enhance ODS efficiency will be fully detailed and discussed to better understand their viability when applied to high sulfur content, high viscosity, and high boiling point feeds.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Frameworks for Efficient Desulfurization of Fuels

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Mendiratta ◽  
Ahmed Atef Ahmed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Functionalized Mesoporous Silica

Considerable health and climate benefits arising from the use of low-sulfur fuels has propelled the research on desulfurization of fossil fuels. Ideal fuels are urgently needed and are expected to be ultra-low in sulfur (10–15 ppm), with no greater than 50 ppm sulfur content. Although several sulfur removal techniques are available in refineries and petrochemical units, their high operational costs, complex operational needs, low efficiencies, and higher environmental risks render them unviable and challenging to implement. In recent years, mesoporous silica-based materials have emerged as promising desulfurizing agents, owing to their high porosity, high surface area, and easier functionalization compared to conventional materials. In this review, we report on recent progress in the synthesis and chemistry of new functionalized mesoporous silica materials aiming to lower the sulfur content of fuels. Additionally, we discuss the role of special active sites in these sorbent materials and investigate the formulations capable of encapsulating and trapping the sulfur-based molecules, which are challenging to remove due to their complexity, for example the species present in JP-8 jet fuels.

scholarly journals A Review of the Desulfurization Processes Used for Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nobi Hossain ◽  
Myung Kyu Choi ◽  
Hang Seok Choi
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Waste Tire ◽  
Economic Method ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Process

The increasing global population and the rapid industrial development associated therewith have increased the demand for fossil-derived fuel oils. The sources of fossil fuels are limited, and many studies have been being conducted to find alternative fuel sources. Waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) attracts considerable attention as an alternative fuel because its properties are similar to those of diesel oil. However, WTPO has a high sulfur content of >1.0 wt%, which is above the environmental standard limit of 0.1 wt%; therefore, it cannot be used in engines directly. It is thus highly necessary to remove sulfur compounds from tire-derived oils. However, finding an appropriate and environmentally friendly process is proving difficult. This review article presents the various desulfurization methods used to removal sulfur from WTPO, such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS), ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD), and acid treatment. Of these, HDS is the most expensive as it involves high consumption of hydrogen, high temperature (~450 °C), and high pressure (~200 bar), whereas UAOD is an efficient and economic method of reducing the sulfur content of WTPO.

Influence of technology parameters of free-cutting steel continuous casting on the billet internal structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
A. T. Kunakbaeva ◽  
A. M. Stolyarov ◽  
M. V. Potapova
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Cutting Steel ◽  
Continuously Cast

Free-cutting steel gains specific working properties thanks to the high content of sulfur and phosphorus. These elements, especially sulfur, have a rather high tendency to segregation. Therefore, segregation defects in free-cutting steel continuously cast billets can be significantly developed. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the chemical composition of freecutting steel and casting technological parameters on the quality of the macrostructure of continuously cast billets. A metallographic assessment of the internal structure of cast metal made of free-cutting steel and data processing by application of correlation and regression analysis were the research methods. The array of production data of 43 heats of free-cutting steel of grade A12 was studied. Steel casting on a five-strand radial type continuous casting machine was carried out by various methods of metal pouring from tundish into the molds. Metal of 19 heats was poured with an open stream, and 24 heats – by a closed stream through submerged nozzles with a vertical hole. High-quality billets had a cross-sectional size of 150×150 mm. The macrostructure of high-quality square billets made of free-cutting steel of A12 grade is characterized by the presence of central porosity, axial segregation and peripheral point contamination, the degree of development of which was in the range from 1.5 to 2.0 points, segregation cracks and strips – about 1.0 points. In the course of casting with an open stream, almost all of these defects are more developed comparing with the casting by a closed stream. As a result of correlation and regression analysis, linear dependences of the development degree of segregation cracks and strips both axial and angular on the sulfur content in steel and on the ratio of manganese content to sulfur content were established. The degree of these defects development increases with growing of sulfur content in steel of A12 grade. These defects had especially strong development when sulfur content in steel was of more than 0.10%. To improve the quality of cast metal, it is necessary to have the ratio of the manganese content to the sulfur content in the metal more than eight.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

Changing the face of short fiber –a review of the eucalyptus revolution

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER W. HART ◽  
RICARDO B. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations

Eucalyptus plantations have been used as a source of short fiber for papermaking for more than 40 years. The development in genetic improvement and clonal programs has produced improved density plantations that have resulted in fast growing, increased fiber volume eucalypts becoming the most widely used source of short fibers in the world. High productivity and short rotation times, along with the uniformity and improved wood quality of clonal plantations have attracted private industry investment in eucalypt plantations. Currently, only a handful of species or hybrids are used in plantation efforts. Many more species are being evaluated to either enhance fiber properties or expand the range of eucalypt plantations. Eucalyptus plantations are frequently planted on nonforested land and may be used, in part, as a means of conserving native forests while allowing the production of high quality fiber for economic uses. Finally, eucalypt plantations can provide significant carbon sinks, which may be used to help offset the carbon released from burning fossil fuels. The development and expansion of eucalypt plantations represents a substantial revolution in pulp and paper manufacturing.

A tes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IJE Manager
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
A Site ◽  
Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

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