scholarly journals Annual Summary of Cost and Quality of Steam-Electric Plant Fuels, 1977, with Supplements: on Origin of Coal Delivered to Electric Utilities; Comparison of 1977 Sulfur Regulations with the Sulfur Content of Coal Deliveries; Profile of Fuel Deliveries to Electric Utilities, 1974 - 1977; and, Plant Information: Quantity, Quality, and Prices of Fossil Fuels Delivered in 1977

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Not Given Author
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Utilities ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Electric Plant

Influence of technology parameters of free-cutting steel continuous casting on the billet internal structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
A. T. Kunakbaeva ◽  
A. M. Stolyarov ◽  
M. V. Potapova
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Cutting Steel ◽  
Continuously Cast

Free-cutting steel gains specific working properties thanks to the high content of sulfur and phosphorus. These elements, especially sulfur, have a rather high tendency to segregation. Therefore, segregation defects in free-cutting steel continuously cast billets can be significantly developed. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the chemical composition of freecutting steel and casting technological parameters on the quality of the macrostructure of continuously cast billets. A metallographic assessment of the internal structure of cast metal made of free-cutting steel and data processing by application of correlation and regression analysis were the research methods. The array of production data of 43 heats of free-cutting steel of grade A12 was studied. Steel casting on a five-strand radial type continuous casting machine was carried out by various methods of metal pouring from tundish into the molds. Metal of 19 heats was poured with an open stream, and 24 heats – by a closed stream through submerged nozzles with a vertical hole. High-quality billets had a cross-sectional size of 150×150 mm. The macrostructure of high-quality square billets made of free-cutting steel of A12 grade is characterized by the presence of central porosity, axial segregation and peripheral point contamination, the degree of development of which was in the range from 1.5 to 2.0 points, segregation cracks and strips – about 1.0 points. In the course of casting with an open stream, almost all of these defects are more developed comparing with the casting by a closed stream. As a result of correlation and regression analysis, linear dependences of the development degree of segregation cracks and strips both axial and angular on the sulfur content in steel and on the ratio of manganese content to sulfur content were established. The degree of these defects development increases with growing of sulfur content in steel of A12 grade. These defects had especially strong development when sulfur content in steel was of more than 0.10%. To improve the quality of cast metal, it is necessary to have the ratio of the manganese content to the sulfur content in the metal more than eight.

An Efficient Hybrid Forecasting Approach for Wind Speed Time Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Bhargavi Munnaluri ◽  
K. Ganesh Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Hybrid Forecasting ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Future Utilization

Wind forecasting is one of the best efficient ways to deal with the challenges of wind power generation. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels renewable energy sources plays a major role for the generation of power. For future management and for future utilization of power, we need to predict the wind speed.  In this paper, an efficient hybrid forecasting approach with the combination of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) are proposed to improve the quality of prediction of wind speed. Due to the different parameters of wind, it is difficult to find the accurate prediction value of the wind speed. The proposed hybrid model of forecasting is examined by taking the hourly wind speed of past years data by reducing the prediction error with the help of Mean Square Error by 0.019. The result obtained from the Artificial Neural Networks improves the forecasting quality.

scholarly journals Impact of bitumen composition on empirical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 04038
Author(s):  
Eva Remišová ◽  
Michal Holý
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distillation Residue ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Vacuum Distillation Residue

In recent years, there has been a further development of refining technology, which make it possible to better use of crude oil, which also has a major impact on the quality of bitumen. Most European refineries, of course, are processing, for reasons of the resale of petroleum products, especially petroleums suitable for the recovery of light and middle fractions. Therefore, light petroleums are required, with low yields of heavy fractions, which are highly economically and in dispositions efficient for processors on the petroleum market. Emphasis is placed on the sulfur content, the paraffin content is no longer the most important aspect. Less important from the perspective of the refinery is the content and the ratio of asphaltenes and maltenes. There is no doubt that we will have to change our view on petroleum products. Their availability will continue to decline, their price, on the other hand, is likely to grow in relation to falling supplies of resources. Therefore, the view of the bitumen must be changed. The most common way of production of PG bitumen is vacuum distillation, which is carried out in such a way that the vacuum distillation residue satisfies it´s properties bitumen requirements for the relevant penetration.

Effects of defaunation of the rumen and supplementation with amino acids on the wool production of housed Saxon Merinos. 1. Lupins and extruded lupins

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cottle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Lower Resistance ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Wool Quality

Six groups, each comprising 10 superfine Merino wethers ('Sharlea'), were individually penned indoors and hand-fed oats and wheat straw, either alone or with 10% (w/w) crushed lupins or extruded lupins. The rations were fed at maintenance level and were offered 3 times a week. Half of the sheep were defaunated by drenching with Alkanate 3SL3. Wool growth rates and wool quality were measured during a 5-month trial period. Defaunation resulted in a 6.5% increase in clean wool production, with a 3% higher sulfur content. The quality of the wool grown was unaffected by defaunation. Inclusion of lupins or extruded lupins in the ration resulted in a 10% increase in clean wool growth. Wool quality was largely unaffected, though a lower resistance to compression was apparent. It was concluded that a reasonable diet for 'Sharlea' production was 500g oats, 50g wheat straw, 50g lupins, 10.5g vitamin, mineral mix per sheep per day. This diet may be further improved by additional ingredients and defaunation of the sheep.

scholarly journals The changes in the structure of mineral raw materials needs in Poland between 2011−2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Lewicka ◽  
Anna Burkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
Restricted Use

Abstract An assessment of current demand for mineral raw materials in the domestic economy as well possibilities to satisfy the needs of the industry has been performed for the period 2011-2015 on the basis of estimated values and volumes of their consumption, as well as indices of the share of importation in the consumption and percentage of production sold abroad. Domestically consumed mineral raw materials have been assigned to groups corresponding to the main way of their usage, distinguishing:fuels, metallic, ceramic, chemical, construction, and others. Complementary to the presented demand- supply relations are trade balances of selected commodities. Analysis of available statistical data showed that the demand for substantial number of mineral raw materials in Poland has been met by imports and this probably will be continued in future. The reasons for Poland’s sustained import dependency of mineral raw materials is the lack or insufficient reserve base, as well as low quality of raw materials available from deposits occurring in the country. The exceptions are construction raw materials and some ceramic ones, as well minerals exported in significant qualities (e.g.: refined copper, silver, zinc, sulphur, lead raw materials, or selenium), for which it can be stated that their domestic supplies may fully satisfy the demand of the national economy. On the other hand, the scale of utilization of such fuels as hard coal and lignite, which represent very significant item in Poland’s total energy mix, may be greatly reduced in the light of EU directives aimed at restricted use of these fossil fuels. The possible alternative is development of the use of renewable energy sources, while in the case of metals - improved recycling of scrap and metal-bearing wastes.

Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendry Sakke Tira ◽  
Yesung Allo Padang ◽  
Mirmanto ◽  
Hendriono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Dissolve Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Biogas Purification

The dependence of human being on fossil fuels has decreased significantly the conventional energy resources. To overcome this problem it is required alternative substitute fuels which are cheap and accessible which biogas is one of the fuels. Nevertheless, the use of biogas has not yet been maximized because of the low calorific value which is produced from the process without purification. The circulated water absorption method is one mean of effective biogas purification. Under this method it is expected to increase the level of methane (CH4) and to reduce both the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In order to obtain the aim, the research was carried out under variations of water and biogas volumetric flow rate. The results show that the highest quality of biogas produced was under the variation of water volumetric flow rate of 15 lt/min with biogas volumetric flow rate of 1 lt/min which increased the level of methane (CH4) from 59.36 % to 62.8 % and decreased the carbon dioxide (CO2) content from 33.53 % to 26.8 %, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from 208.33 to 86 ppm. Lower biogas and water volumetric rates allowed longer contact between biogas molecule and absorbent. This resulted in an opportunity for absorbent more active to dissolve carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in biogas. These compounds then flowed outward of the scrubbing unit along with the absorbent. The research proved that the raw biogas purification by circulated water scrubbing method was an effective mean in enhancing the quality of biogas.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Literature Review of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass for Syngas Production and Associated Challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-512
Author(s):  
Ghulamullah Maitlo ◽  
Rasool Bux Mahar ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti ◽  
Imran Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Gaseous Product ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Gasification Process

The interest in the thermochemical conversion of biomass for producer gas production since last decade has increased because of the growing attention to the application of sustainable energy resources. Application of biomass resources is a valid alternative to fossil fuels as it is a renewable energy source. The valuable gaseous product obtained through thermochemical conversion of organic material is syngas, whereas the solid product obtained is char. This review deals with the state of the art of biomass gasification technologies and the quality of syngas gathered through the application of different gasifiers along with the effect of different operating parameters on the quality of producer gas. Main steps in gasification process including drying, oxidation, pyrolysis and reduction effects on syngas production and quality are presented in this review. An overview of various types of gasifiers used in lignocellulosic biomass gasification processes, fixed bed and fluidized bed and entrained flow gasifiers are discussed. The effects of various process parameters such as particle size, steam and biomass ratio, equivalence ratio, effects of temperature, pressure and gasifying agents are discussed. Depending on the priorities of several researchers, the optimum value of different anticipated productivities in the gasification process comprising better quality syngas production improved lower heating value, higher syngas production, improved cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, production of char and tar have been reviewed.

scholarly journals The architectural design in time of crisis. A research of "roots" to support the development

2015 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Forlani
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Capacity Limit ◽  
Environment Capacity ◽  
Design Paradigm ◽  
Brundtland Report

<p>Vitruvius wrote the first treatise of Architecture and in it we find the fundamental recommendations for a good design. In the past 50 years it seems, instead, that each of these directions had been lost and there is today the need of promoting a new design paradigm that is attentive to nowadays criticalities and directed to sustainable development.<br />The term sustainability starts to configure the quality of human actions since the 80’s following reflections on the resources limit (raw materials and fossil fuels) and the environment capacity limit of absorbing emissions and waste.<br />The concept of sustainable development was elaborated in 1987 in the Brundtland report according to the need of distinguishing it from the concept of growth, that is to say with the goal of tending simultaneously toward the quality verification of programs in the environmental, social and economic dimensions.<br />All that invited the whole society to reconsider its "lifestyle" that, in the specific field of architecture, meant finding a new design approach geared to a lower consumption and greater caution and responsibility in the choices.<br />The configuration of a new design paradigm can trace their roots in the study of history and can proceed to evaluate the actions in a broad context of skills to ensure the quality of the products.</p>

scholarly journals Integrated influence of melting parameters of rail steel on rail products quality and technical and economic indicators of the production

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 876-883
Author(s):  
A. A. Umanskii ◽  
L. V. Dumova
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Rail Steel ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Metal Charge ◽  
Linear Decrease ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators

Analysis of literature and production data has shown that despite the significant improvement in quality of domestic rail products, achieved in the last decade due to fundamental technical re-equipment of rail production, there is a problem of increased rejection of rails for surface defects. Based on studies of influence of rail steel chemical composition on quality of rails produced by «EVRAZ ZSMK», there was established a significant effect of increasing copper content in the range of 0.07 - 0.15 % and of sulfur - in the range of 0.006 - 0.011 % in E76KhF steel to increase rejection caused by rail surface defects. Mechanism of the influence of these elements concentration in rail steel on finished rails quality was revealed. Decisive influence of ratio of pig iron and scrap in metal charge on copper and sulfur content in rail steel was evidenced - higher rate of cast iron in metal charge within 20 - 50 % contributes to decrease of copper concentration and increase of sulfur content. To justify optimal composition of the charge for rail steel melting in regard to rail products quality and technical and economic indicators of production, study of the effect of cast iron (liquid and solid) to scrap ratio in metal charge on basic parameters of furnaces’ operation was conducted. As a result, it was found that with an increase in share of both liquid and solid iron in metal charge, there are linear decrease in specific electricity consumption, increase in specific oxygen consumption according to parabolic law and a linear decrease in manganese content in furnace output. The obtained dependences of melting duration on ratio of charge components in metal charge indicates presence of prominent minimum, when using liquid iron in the range of 35 - 40 %, and when using solid iron - in the range of 30 - 35 %. Based on the regression equations, statistical model was constructed for the influence of metal charge composition on technical and economic performance of the melt charge in rail steel smelting, in which optimization parameters are: total cost, depending on the metal stock composition and performance of the shop for suitable billets produced by continuous casting. Application of the obtained model allows to develop reasonable recommendations on the optimal proportion of iron in the metal for current level of prices for materials and energy used in electric smelting, taking into account changes in the shop productivity.

scholarly journals Reduction in the Sulfur Content of Fossil Fuels by Cunninghamella elegans (UCP 0596) to Dibenzothiophene Compound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Mendes de Souza ◽  
Thayse Alves de Lima e Silva ◽  
Marcos Antonio Barbosa Lima ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira Franco ◽  
Manfred Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cunninghamella Elegans
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