scholarly journals Review of Insecticide Resistance and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Tribolium castaneum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Shamjana ◽  
Tony Grace
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has emerged as the genetically tractable model insect for population genetics, functional genomics, and evolutionary studies. This agricultural pest is notorious for its potential to severely damage stored products. T. castaneum has developed resistance to almost all insecticides. The reports of insecticide resistance from different parts of the world show that sustained insecticide usage has only aggravated the problem. As insecticides continue to be the mainstay of pest control programs, it is essential to identify the factors influencing insecticide resistance for implementing effective pest-management strategies. The development and progression of insecticide resistance in T. castaneum is thus an escalating global issue requiring immediate solutions. Several studies have investigated the multiple resistance mechanisms found in T. castaneum, such as reduced cuticular penetration, increased metabolic detoxification, and target-site insensitivity. The availability of Whole Genome Sequence and recent advances in Next Generation Sequencing technology has furthered a geneticist’s grasp of resistance study in Tribolium. The strategic containment of this organism calls for an in-depth understanding of resistance development. The review mainly focuses on different kinds of resistance mechanisms and genes mediating insecticide resistance. Also, it exhaustively explores the CYP450 gene superfamily in Tribolium to emphasize its role in governing resistance. The consolidated insights from this study will facilitate further research on identifying biological targets, thereby developing novel control strategies for effective insect control.

scholarly journals Functional genetic validation of key genes conferring insecticide resistance in the major African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Adolfi ◽  
Beth Poulton ◽  
Amalia Anthousi ◽  
Stephanie Macilwee ◽  
Hilary Ranson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Control Programs

ABSTRACTResistance in Anopheles gambiae to members of all four major classes (pyrethroids, carbamates, organochlorines and organophosphates) of public health insecticides limits effective control of malaria transmission in Africa. Increased expression of detoxifying enzymes has been associated with resistance, but direct functional validation in An. gambiae has been lacking. Here we perform transgenic analysis using the GAL4/UAS system to examine insecticide resistance phenotypes conferred by increased expression of the three genes - Cyp6m2, Cyp6p3 and Gste2 - most often found upregulated in resistant An. gambiae. We report the first evidence in An. gambiae that organophosphate and organochlorine resistance is conferred by overexpression of GSTE2 in a broad tissue profile. Pyrethroid and carbamate resistance is bestowed by similar Cyp6p3 overexpression, and Cyp6m2 confers only pyrethroid resistance when overexpressed in the same tissues. Conversely, such Cyp6m2 overexpression increases susceptibility to the organophosphate malathion, presumably due to conversion to a more toxic metabolite. No resistant phenotypes are conferred when either Cyp6 gene overexpression is restricted to the midgut or oenocytes, answering long standing questions related to the importance of these tissues in resistance to contact insecticides. Validation of genes conferring resistance provides markers to guide control strategies, and the observed negative cross-resistance due to Cyp6m2 gives credence to proposed dual insecticide strategies to overcome pyrethroid resistance. These trasnsgenic An. gambiae resistant lines are being used to test potential liabilities in new active compounds early in development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTInsecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes can derail malaria control programs, and to overcome it we need to discover the underlying molecular basis. Here, for the first time, we characterise three genes most often associated with insecticide resistance directly by their overproduction in genetically modified An. gambiae. We show that overexpression of each gene confers resistance to representatives of at least one insecticide class and, taken together, the three genes provide cross-resistance to all four major insecticide classes currently used in public health. These data validate the candidate genes as markers to monitor the spread of resistance in mosquito populations. The modified mosquitoes produced are also valuable tools to pre-screen new insecticides for potential liabilities to existing resistance mechanisms.

Identification of a point mutation in the ace1 gene of Therioaphis trifolli maculata and detection of insecticide resistance by a diagnostic PCR–RFLP assay

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-716
Author(s):  
E. AlSuhaibani ◽  
C.C. Voudouris ◽  
R. Al-Atiyat ◽  
A. Kotzamumin ◽  
J. Vontas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr

AbstractAphids are important agricultural pests worldwide. Their control is largely based on chemical insecticides. One species that shows important invasive abilities and host-plant-related differences is Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). T. trifolii maculata, also known as spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA), can be very injurious to alfalfa crops in certain regions, such as in Saudi Arabia for effective control it is essential to diagnose and monitor the resistance mechanisms in the SAA populations. In the present study, we analysed acetylcholinesterase (ace) target site insensitivity mechanisms. A 650 bp length DNA containing the putative acetylcholinesterase (ace1) precursor was obtained and compared with other Hemipteran species. The sequences of many individual aphids collected from alfalfa crops in Saudi Arabia were analysed for the presence of resistance mutations: no resistance mutations were found at the resistance mutation loci 302; however, the presence of a serine–phenylalanine substitution (S431F) was identified in one individual. The S431F substitution, has been shown to confer significant levels of both organophosphate and carbamate resistance in other aphid species, and is now found for the first time in T. trifolii. We subsequently developed a simple polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism assays for the S431F mutation, using a TaqI restriction site destroyed by the S431F mutation. The novel diagnostic assay may support the implementation of Insecticide Resistance Management strategies, for the control of SAA in alfalfa crops in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other countries worldwide.

Evidence for resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates inPlutella xylostella(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khaliq ◽  
M.N.R. Attique ◽  
A.H. Sayyed
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Low Toxicity

AbstractThe susceptibility of representative pyrethroid (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin), organophosphate (chlorpyriphos, triazophos, profenophos) and new chemistry insecticides (spinosad, indoxacarb and emamectin) was investigated for 18 field populations ofPlutella xylostella(Linnaeus) from three different zones in Pakistan. The LC50(mg ml−1; 48 h) values of pyrethroids for various populations ranged from 0.19–1.88 for cypermethrin, 0.31–2.64 for deltamethrin, 0.08–1.16 for lambdacyhalothrin and 0.07–0.88 for bifenthrin. The LC50(mg ml−1; 48 h) of organophosphates ranged from 0.52–5.67 for chlorpyriphos, 0.37–4.14 for triazophos and 0.03–2.65 for profenophos. The most probable reason for low toxicity of organophosphates and pyrethroids is the evolution of multiple resistance mechanisms; however, further studies are required to establish these mechanisms. When these same products were tested against a susceptible laboratory population (Lab-Pak), the new chemistry compounds were significantly more toxic than pyrethroids and organophosphates. The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management and insecticide resistance management strategies forP. xylostella.

scholarly journals Widespread Report of Multiple Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. Mos-quitoes in Eight Communities in Southern Gombe, North-Eastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adedayo Olatunbosun-Oduola ◽  
Ezra Abba ◽  
Olukayode Adelaja ◽  
Adeolu Taiwo-Ande ◽  
Kennedy Poloma-Yoriyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L

Background: Timely entomological and insecticide resistance monitoring is a key to generating relevant data for vector management. We investigated the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in eight rural farming communities in Southern Gombe, Nigeria. Methods: Overall, 3–5 days-old adult female Anopheles mosquitoes reared from field-collected immature stages between September and November, 2014 were exposed to the diagnostic doses of pyrethroids, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides using the Center for Disease Control Bottle bioassay. The observatory knockdown time from exposure to each insecticide was recorded up to two hours. The dead mosquitoes were then identified morphological­ly and by molecular assays. Results: Mortality results showed resistance in An. gambiae s.l. populations to bendiocarb (2.3–100%), deltamethrin (39–70%), pirimiphos-methyl (65–95%), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (0–38.1%), permethrin (0–46.3%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (42.5–86.4%). The few cases of full susceptibility were observed from lamdacyhalothrin exposed population of An. gambiae s.l. in Banbam and Pantami respectively. An. gambiae 177 (45%) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than An. arabiensis 64 (16.3%), An. coluzzii 34 (8.7%) and An. gambiae/An. coluzzii hybrid 78 (19.8%). Conclusion: A strong evidence of widespread resistance in the major malaria vector species in Southern Gombe to all common classes of insecticides is a justification for the State Malaria Elimination Programme to consciously con­sider incorporating insecticide resistance management strategies into control programs in order to sustain the future of current control interventions

scholarly journals Genome Mining and Expression Analysis of Carboxylesterase and Glutathione S-Transferase Genes Involved in Insecticide Resistance in Eggplant Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kariyanna ◽  
A. Prabhuraj ◽  
R. Asokan ◽  
A. Agrawal ◽  
R. Gandhi Gracy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Leucinodes Orbonalis ◽  
Fruit Borer

The shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the major cause of low productivity in eggplant and insecticides being the mainstay of management of L. orbonalis. However, field control failures are widespread due to the evolution of insecticide resistance. Taking advantage of the whole genome sequence information, the present study investigated the level of insecticide resistance and the expression pattern of individual carboxylesterase (CE) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes in various field collected populations of L. orbonalis. Dose-mortality bioassays revealed a very high level of resistance development against fenvalerate (48.2–160-fold), phosalone (94-534.6-fold), emamectin benzoate (7.2–55-fold), thiodicarb (9.64–22.7-fold), flubendiamide (187.4–303.0-fold), and chlorantraniliprole (1.6–8.6-fold) in field populations as compared to laboratory-reared susceptible iso-female colony (Lo-S). Over-production of detoxification enzymes viz., CE and GST were evident upon enzyme assays. Mining of the draft genome of L. orbonalis yielded large number of genes potentially belonging to the CE and GST gene families with known history of insecticide resistance in other insects. Subsequent RT-qPCR studies on relative contribution of individual genes revealed over-expression of numerous GSTs and few CEs in field populations, indicating their possible involvement of metabolic enzymes in insecticide resistance. The genomic information will facilitate the development of novel resistance management strategies against this pest.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and haplotypic profiles of insecticide resistance in populations of Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) from central Lao PDR

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaki Shimono ◽  
Seiji Kanda ◽  
Pheophet Lamaningao ◽  
Yuki Murakami ◽  
Andrew Waleluma Darcy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis ◽  
Vector Management

Abstract Background Aedes aegypti, which is widely distributed in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), is the primary vector of arboviral diseases. Chemical insecticides have been intensively used to eliminate mosquito-borne diseases, resulting in the development of insecticide resistance. However, little is known about the insecticide resistance of mosquito populations in Lao PDR and the mechanisms responsible for it, which have important implications for vector management programs. Here, we examined the phenotypic and haplotypic profiles of insecticide resistance in populations of Ae. aegypti larvae from central Lao PDR. Methods Ae. aegypti larvae were collected from four sites in Lao PDR, and their susceptibility to temephos, deltamethrin, permethrin, and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) was tested using larval bioassays. Synergistic tests were also conducted to evaluate the activity of insecticide-metabolizing enzymes in the larvae. Deltamethrin-resistant and Deltamethrin-susceptible larvae were then genotyped for knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations to determine the associations between each genotype and resistance. Results Ae. aegypti larvae from central Lao PDR were considered to be “resistant” (<98% mortality) to organophosphates and pyrethroids. The bio-insecticide Bti remains effective against such larvae. The resistance mechanisms of Ae. aegypti larvae were found to vary among populations, especially for pyrethroid resistance. Kdr mutations were significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance in Ae. aegypti from the Xaythany population. In contrast, synergist assays with piperonyl butoxide suggested that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases played an important role in the resistance seen in the Khounkham and Thakhek populations. Conclusion This study obtained information that will aid the design and implementation of insecticide-based vector management of Ae. aegypti in central Lao PDR. Ae. aegypti larvae from central Lao PDR were highly susceptible to Bti, while they were resistant to temephos at a diagnostic dose of 0.0286 mg/L. Given the limited number of insecticides that are approved for vector control, it is important to alternate between temephos and other larvicides, such as Bti and pyriproxyfen. The differences in pyrethroid resistance mechanisms seen among the Ae. aegypti populations highlight the need to tailor vector-control strategies to each region to increase the success of dengue control in Lao PDR.

Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae): The Putative Role of Enhanced Detoxification and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele in a Resistant Hotspot From the Argentine Chaco

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Fronza ◽  
Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo ◽  
Gaston A Mougabure-Cueto ◽  
Ivana Sierra ◽  
Natalia Capriotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Degradative Enzymes ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Chagas disease affects around 6 million people in the world, and in Latin America, it is mainly transmitted by the kissing bug. Chemical control of the vector with pyrethroid insecticides has been the most frequently used tool to reduce the disease incidence. Failures of field control have been detected in areas of the Argentinian Gran Chaco that correlate with high levels of insecticide resistance. Here, we provide evidence of the mechanisms involved in the resistance to insecticides of field populations of T. infestans from General Güemes Department (Chaco Province, Argentina). The biochemical analysis suggests the increase in the activity of the degradative enzymes P450 oxidases and esterases as a minor contributive mechanism in low-resistance populations. The molecular study revealed high frequencies of the kdr L925I mutation at the voltage-gated sodium channel as responsible for the high resistance ratios detected. This knowledge contributes to the generation of comprehensive vector control strategies that reduce the incidence of the disease.

scholarly journals Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (Vgsc) Mutation-Based Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes aegypti Populations of Three Endemic Dengue Risk Areas of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tharaka Ranathunge ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
Sumudu Sarasija ◽  
Samudra Karunathilaka ◽  
Shavindhya Nawarathne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Mutation Allele

Background. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in many countries for chemical-based control of Ae. aegypti. Regardless of their efficacy, the constant use of insecticides has induced insecticide resistance mechanisms, such as knockdown resistance (kdr) in mosquitoes. Sri Lankan Vector Controlling Entities (VCE) have been using a variety of pyrethroid insecticides as the primary approach for dengue control. However, development of any resistance among the Aedes mosquitoes has been limitedly studied in the country. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of F1534C, V1016G, and S989P mutations among Ae. aegypti mosquito populations in three dengue endemic high-risk regions of Sri Lanka. Methodology. Immature (both pupae and larvae) stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected from Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts of Sri Lanka from February 2018 to December 2019. Polymerase Chain Reaction- (PCR-) based assay for molecular genotyping of mutations was performed to identify the prevalence of kdr mutations in collected Ae. aegypti populations, separately. The frequencies of the resistant and susceptible kdr alleles were determined by using the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Results. The Ae. aegypti populations from Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts showed 46%, 42%, and 22% of F1534C mutation allele frequencies, along with 15%, 12%, and 6% of V1016G mutation allele frequencies, respectively. The mutation allele frequencies of S989 in Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts were 9.5%, 8.5%, and 4.5%, respectively. The wild-type (PP) genotype remained predominant within all the three districts, whereas the homogenous (QQ) mutation genotype occurred only in minority. The abundance of Q allele frequency in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes was relatively higher for all the three mutations in Colombo. Conclusions. The findings clearly indicate that long-term insecticide applications and multiple use of pyrethroids have led to the acquisition of kdr mutations, leading to the development of insecticide resistance among local Ae. aegypti populations, especially in the Colombo and Gampaha districts. Therefore, evaluation of the prevalence levels of these kdr mutations highlights the necessity for shifting towards novel vector control strategies.

scholarly journals Anophelesbionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms and malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d’Ivoire: a pre-intervention study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnabas Zogo ◽  
Dieudonné Diloma Soma ◽  
Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi ◽  
Anthony Somé ◽  
Ludovic P. Ahoua Alou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

AbstractBackgroundA better understanding of malaria transmission at a local scale is essential for developing and implementing effective control strategies. In the frame of a randomized control trial, we aimed to provide an updated description of malaria transmission in the Korhogo area, northern Côte d’Ivoire, and to get baseline data for the trial.MethodsWe performed Human Landing Collections in 26 villages in the Korhogo area during the rainy season (September-October 2016, April-May 2017) and the dry season (November-December 2016, February-March 2017). We used Polymerase chain reaction techniques to ascertain the species of theAn. gambiaecomplex,Plasmodium spsporozoite infection and insecticide resistance mechanisms in a subset ofAnophelesvectors.ResultsAnopheles gambiae s.l. was the predominant malaria vector in the Korhogo area. Overall, more vectors were collected outdoors than indoors (P < 0.001). Of the 774An. gambiae s.l. tested in the laboratory, 89.65% wereAn. gambiae s.s. and 10.35% wereAn. coluzzii. The frequencies of thekdrallele were very high inAn. gambiae s.s. but theace-1allele was found at moderate frequencies. An unprotected individual living in the Korhogo area received an average of 9.04, 0.63, 0.06 and 0.12 infected bites per night in September-October, November-December, February-March, and April-May, respectively.ConclusionsThe intensity of malaria transmission is extremely high in the Korhogo area, especially during the rainy season. Malaria control in highly endemic areas such as Korhogo needs to be strengthened with complementary tools in order to reduce the burden of the disease.

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