scholarly journals Poverty and Pellagra’s Penumbras

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. Williams ◽  
Lisa J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Nad Metabolism ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Metabolic Stresses ◽  
Micro Organisms

Pellagra has largely been forgotten. This is unfortunate as important lessons are to be learnt about the diseases and social and economic consequences of poverty – and for the root cause of poverty (and of affluence) – that involve dietary nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis. NAD disruption can occur not only from poor diet but from increased consumption from genotoxic, infectious and metabolic stresses. NAD deficiency is closely linked to poor physical and intellectual development, premature ageing and diseases of ageing. Acute infections, many with NAD-consuming toxins, that may differentially affect the NAD-depleted, now include COVID-19. Some Covid manifestations, such as myoclonic encephalopathy and “Long Covid,” resemble pellagra clinically and biochemically as both have disturbed nicotinic and tryptophan metabolism. Symbionts that supply nicotinic acid, such as TB and some gut micro-organisms, can become dysbiotic if the diet is very deficient in milk and meat, as it is for 1–2 billion or more. High doses of nicotinamide lead to inhibition of NAD-consuming enzymes and excessive induction of nicotinamide-n-methyl transferase (NNMT) with consequent effects on the methylome: this gives a mechanism for an unrecognised hypervitaminosis-B3 with adverse effects of nicotinamide overload for consumers on a high meat diet with “fortified” foods and “high energy” drinks. Methods of measuring NAD metabolism routinely for screening the populations at risk of deficiency and in metabolically ill or infectious disease patients should be developed urgently. Successful intervention should improve human capital and prevent many aspects of poverty, reduce discrimination and even the drive to emigrate.

scholarly journals Self-Organized Nanostructures Generated on Metal Surfaces under Electron Irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Keisuke Niwase
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Exit Surface ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
High Energy Electrons ◽  
Intense Electron Beam ◽  
High Doses ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Intense Electron

Irradiation of high-energy electrons can produce surface vacancies on the exit surface of thin foils by the sputtering of atoms. Although the sputtering randomly occurs in the area irradiated with an intense electron beam of several hundred nanometers in diameter, characteristic topographic features can appear under irradiation. This paper reviews a novel phenomenon on a self-organization of nanogrooves and nanoholes generated on the exit surface of thin metal foils irradiated with high doses of 360–1250 keV electrons. The phenomenon was discovered firstly for gold irradiated at temperatures about 100 K, which shows the formation of grooves and holes with widths between 1 and 2 nm. Irradiation along [001] produces grooves extending along [100] and [010], irradiation along [011] gives grooves along [100], whereas no clear grooves have been observed for [111] irradiations. By contrast, nanoholes, which may reach depths exceeding 20 nm, develop mainly along the beam direction. The formation of the nanostructures depends on the irradiation temperatures, exhibiting an existence of a critical temperature at about 240 K, above which the width significantly increases, and the density decreases. Nanostructures formed for silver, copper, nickel, and iron were also investigated. The self-organized process was discussed in terms of irradiation-induced effects.

Failures of the High Energy, High Pitch Velocity Gear Boxes

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Ingistov
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Mean Time Between Failures ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Gas Compression

This Paper describes the on-going efforts of finding the root-cause for the failures of high-energy (over 30,000 HP), high-pitch velocity (over 30,000 FPM) gear elements. These gear elements are presently operating in Oil and Gas Production Facilities. They are installed between the GT drivers and turbo-compressors. Turbo-compressors deliver high-pressure gas into the underground oil fields to enhance the oil production. The oldest Gas Compression Units were commissioned in 1995 and the latest in 1998. Since installation in 1995 at least 6 gear boxes experienced failures of the pinion (high speed gear) teeth. The Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) of the pinion teeth was estimated around 34,000 operating hours. The costly shutdown of Gas Compression Units forced the management to seek advice within the company. The intent of this Paper is to share some field experiences and to present some corrective actions. The intent of this Paper is also to help Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in this case gear elements Manufacturers to develop better balance between cost, life and reliability. Sometimes the balance between these three parameters is difficult to maintain. Too often the gear elements Manufacturers are forced to compete on the price basis and as result the quality of the gear elements are sometimes compromised. In addition, several well-known gear elements Manufacturers stopped offering high energy, high-pitch velocity gear elements because they suffered serious failures of the gear elements on the test stand and also in the field.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on High-Energy and Low-Energy Microfracture Event Evolution Characteristics in the Development Process of Rock Failure

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Guofeng Yu ◽  
Guanwen Cheng ◽  
Lianchong Li ◽  
Chunan Tang ◽  
Bo Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Biaxial Compression ◽  
Crack Evolution ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Working Face ◽  
Evolution Characteristics ◽  
Change Characteristics ◽  
Preliminary Study

The evolution characteristics of high-energy and low-energy microfracture events play an important role in the brittle failure mechanism of rock and reasonable microseismic (MS) monitoring and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The bimodal distribution (BMD) model is commonly used to observe the evolution characteristics of high-energy and low-energy MS events; however, its precise mechanism remains unclear. The evolution characteristics of high-energy and low-energy microfracture events are assessed in this study based on a BMD model. MS monitoring results from the No. 22517 working face of the Dongjiahe Coal Mine are studied, and AE monitoring results of a biaxial compression experiment of a granite specimen are analyzed. High-energy MS events in the No. 22517 working face are found to be generated by an increase in the failure scale of the overlying rock mass upon exiting the insufficient mining stage and entering the sufficient mining stage. The change characteristics of the high-energy AE hits are positively correlated with crack evolution characteristics in the granite specimen and negatively correlated with changes in the Gutenberg-Richter b value. A precise high-energy and low-energy AE hit evolution mechanism is analyzed based on the microscopic structure of the granite specimen. Similarities and differences between high-energy MS events and low-energy AE hits are determined based on these results. Both are found to have bimodal characteristics; an increase in the failure scale is identified as the root cause of the high-energy component. The bimodal distribution of AE hits is far less obvious than that of MS events.

The histomorphologıcal fındıngs of kıdneys after hıgh energy and hıgh doses of SWL applıcatıon

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslan Demir ◽  
Polat Türker ◽  
Suheyla Uyar Bozkurt ◽  
Yalcin Nazmi İlker
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Doses

scholarly journals The Influence of Ionizing Radiation, Temperature, and Light on Eplerenone in the Solid State

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dettlaff ◽  
Magdalena Ogrodowczyk ◽  
Witold Kycler ◽  
Agnieszka Dołhań ◽  
Barbara Ćwiertnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dsc Curves

Eplerenone was subjected to the influence of ionizing radiation in the form of a high-energy electron beam (25–400 kGy), high temperature (90°C RH 0% and 60°C RH 76.4%), and light (6 mln lux h). An HPLC method was used to determine the content of eplerenone and to establish the impurity profile of all samples. As eplerenone was found to be a compound of great resistance to the above stress factors with the exception of high doses of ionizing radiation (≥200 kGy) when its degradation was above 1%, it is possible to sterilize eplerenone by radiation method with the standard dose of 25 kGy. Based on the analysis of impurities and degradation products, the mechanism of radiodegradation was demonstrated to differ from the mechanisms of photo- and thermodegradation. The observation that the DSC curves for the nondegraded and degraded samples of eplerenone were significantly different only under exposure to the electron beam confirmed the applicability of DSC for studies of radiolytic degradation of eplerenone.

Estimating the costs associated with endemic diseases of dairy cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD M. BENNETT ◽  
KATHY CHRISTIANSEN ◽  
RICHARD S. CLIFTON-HADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Costs Of Disease ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Uk

A number of endemic diseases of dairy cattle cause significant losses to the dairy industry in the mainland UK (England, Scotland and Wales), both in terms of the reductions in output levels or wastage of resources incurred and the resource costs of disease prevention and treatment (Esslemont & Spincer, 1993; Esslemont & Kossaibati, 1996). Various studies have estimated the costs associated with different diseases (Bennett, 1992). However, these studies use different methods of assessment, relate to different populations at risk, refer to different points in time and utilize different ways of measuring disease and valuations of the effects of disease on production. Thus, it is difficult to use these studies for any comparative assessment of the magnitude of output losses and resource wastage incurred as a result of different diseases. Such information is useful in exploring both the economic consequences of diseases and the potential benefits of research on improved disease control (Howe, 1991; McInerney, 1996).This paper presents analyses of the impacts on production of five endemic diseases and conditions of dairy cattle in mainland UK: bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), fasciolosis, lameness, leptospirosis and mastitis (including summer mastitis). These analyses follow from a preliminary economic study of the impacts on livestock production of some 30 non-notifiable diseases and conditions of farm animals (Bennett et al. 1997). The study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the UK, with the (eventual) aim of providing information to policy makers that might help them to reach decisions on allocating funds to research into livestock diseases. Full details of the analyses are available from the website address given at the end of this paper.

scholarly journals The use of radiation to estimate the numbers of micro-organisms in air-borne particles

1959 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Lidwell ◽  
W. C. Noble ◽  
G. W. Dolphin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
High Energy Electrons ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Hospital Wards

The form of the killing curve obtained by bombaring micro-organisms with high energy electrons enables an estimate to be made of the numbers of individual viable organisms present in the aggregates or clumps comprising the sample. Samples of Staph. aureus collected from the air of two hospital wards have been found to consist of aggregates containing, on the average, only about four viable cocci per air-borne particle. These samples were taken during quiet periods and during periods of active dispersion of the organism but there was no active spread of staphylococcal disease at any time.The work on the linear accelerator was carried out with the aid of grants provided by the Treasurer and the Board of Governors from the Discretionary Fund of St Bartholomew's Hospital, to whom we wish to express our gratitude.

Ion Beam Induced Conductivity Changes in Glassy Carbon

1989 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. McCulloch ◽  
S. Prawer
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam Irradiation ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACTIon beam irradiation of Glassy Carbon is shown to increase its resistivity by up to eight orders of magnitude. These changes in resistivity are correlated with results obtained from Raman spectroscopy and Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction. At high doses of C implantation there is convincing evidence that ion beam irradiation partially graphitizes the surface of Glassy Carbon.

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