The histomorphologıcal fındıngs of kıdneys after hıgh energy and hıgh doses of SWL applıcatıon

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslan Demir ◽  
Polat Türker ◽  
Suheyla Uyar Bozkurt ◽  
Yalcin Nazmi İlker
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
High Doses

scholarly journals Self-Organized Nanostructures Generated on Metal Surfaces under Electron Irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Keisuke Niwase
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Exit Surface ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
High Energy Electrons ◽  
Intense Electron Beam ◽  
High Doses ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Intense Electron

Irradiation of high-energy electrons can produce surface vacancies on the exit surface of thin foils by the sputtering of atoms. Although the sputtering randomly occurs in the area irradiated with an intense electron beam of several hundred nanometers in diameter, characteristic topographic features can appear under irradiation. This paper reviews a novel phenomenon on a self-organization of nanogrooves and nanoholes generated on the exit surface of thin metal foils irradiated with high doses of 360–1250 keV electrons. The phenomenon was discovered firstly for gold irradiated at temperatures about 100 K, which shows the formation of grooves and holes with widths between 1 and 2 nm. Irradiation along [001] produces grooves extending along [100] and [010], irradiation along [011] gives grooves along [100], whereas no clear grooves have been observed for [111] irradiations. By contrast, nanoholes, which may reach depths exceeding 20 nm, develop mainly along the beam direction. The formation of the nanostructures depends on the irradiation temperatures, exhibiting an existence of a critical temperature at about 240 K, above which the width significantly increases, and the density decreases. Nanostructures formed for silver, copper, nickel, and iron were also investigated. The self-organized process was discussed in terms of irradiation-induced effects.

scholarly journals The Influence of Ionizing Radiation, Temperature, and Light on Eplerenone in the Solid State

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dettlaff ◽  
Magdalena Ogrodowczyk ◽  
Witold Kycler ◽  
Agnieszka Dołhań ◽  
Barbara Ćwiertnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dsc Curves

Eplerenone was subjected to the influence of ionizing radiation in the form of a high-energy electron beam (25–400 kGy), high temperature (90°C RH 0% and 60°C RH 76.4%), and light (6 mln lux h). An HPLC method was used to determine the content of eplerenone and to establish the impurity profile of all samples. As eplerenone was found to be a compound of great resistance to the above stress factors with the exception of high doses of ionizing radiation (≥200 kGy) when its degradation was above 1%, it is possible to sterilize eplerenone by radiation method with the standard dose of 25 kGy. Based on the analysis of impurities and degradation products, the mechanism of radiodegradation was demonstrated to differ from the mechanisms of photo- and thermodegradation. The observation that the DSC curves for the nondegraded and degraded samples of eplerenone were significantly different only under exposure to the electron beam confirmed the applicability of DSC for studies of radiolytic degradation of eplerenone.

scholarly journals Poverty and Pellagra’s Penumbras

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. Williams ◽  
Lisa J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Nad Metabolism ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Metabolic Stresses ◽  
Micro Organisms

Pellagra has largely been forgotten. This is unfortunate as important lessons are to be learnt about the diseases and social and economic consequences of poverty – and for the root cause of poverty (and of affluence) – that involve dietary nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis. NAD disruption can occur not only from poor diet but from increased consumption from genotoxic, infectious and metabolic stresses. NAD deficiency is closely linked to poor physical and intellectual development, premature ageing and diseases of ageing. Acute infections, many with NAD-consuming toxins, that may differentially affect the NAD-depleted, now include COVID-19. Some Covid manifestations, such as myoclonic encephalopathy and “Long Covid,” resemble pellagra clinically and biochemically as both have disturbed nicotinic and tryptophan metabolism. Symbionts that supply nicotinic acid, such as TB and some gut micro-organisms, can become dysbiotic if the diet is very deficient in milk and meat, as it is for 1–2 billion or more. High doses of nicotinamide lead to inhibition of NAD-consuming enzymes and excessive induction of nicotinamide-n-methyl transferase (NNMT) with consequent effects on the methylome: this gives a mechanism for an unrecognised hypervitaminosis-B3 with adverse effects of nicotinamide overload for consumers on a high meat diet with “fortified” foods and “high energy” drinks. Methods of measuring NAD metabolism routinely for screening the populations at risk of deficiency and in metabolically ill or infectious disease patients should be developed urgently. Successful intervention should improve human capital and prevent many aspects of poverty, reduce discrimination and even the drive to emigrate.

Ion Beam Induced Conductivity Changes in Glassy Carbon

1989 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. McCulloch ◽  
S. Prawer
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam Irradiation ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACTIon beam irradiation of Glassy Carbon is shown to increase its resistivity by up to eight orders of magnitude. These changes in resistivity are correlated with results obtained from Raman spectroscopy and Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction. At high doses of C implantation there is convincing evidence that ion beam irradiation partially graphitizes the surface of Glassy Carbon.

Density Reduction: A Mechanism For Amortization at High Ion Doses

1993 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Specht ◽  
D. A. Walko ◽  
S. J. Zinkle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atomic Displacements ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACTAt cryogenic temperatures, the accumulation of vacancy-interstitial pairs in Al2O3 from atomic displacements associated with ion implantation produces amorphization. At room temperature, these pairs recombine, and amorphization occurs only at high doses. X-ray reflectivity measurements show that amorphization of the surface of Al2O3 implanted at room temperature with 160 keV Cr+ ions is preceded by a progressive reduction in near-surface density. Monte Carlo simulations show that this density reduction can be accounted for by high-energy-transfer collisions which knock atoms deep into the target, leaving widely separated vacancies and interstitials, which do not recombine. Electron Microscopy shows that at least some of these vacancies condense into voids. We propose that this reduction in near-surface density can lead to amorphization at high doses. We present simple approximations for the density reduction expected for different ions and targets.

Proton and Neutron Damage in Thick Amorphous Silicon Diodes

1989 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hollingsworth ◽  
J. Xi ◽  
A. Madan ◽  
F. E. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Silicon ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Detector ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
Neutron Damage ◽  
Superconducting Super Collider ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
High Doses ◽  
High Energy Particles

ABSTRACTThin film amorphous silicon diodes are being examined as a possible high energy particle detector for use in the superconducting super collider. One of the key requirements for any such detector is the ability to withstand relatively high doses of high energy particles without degradation of performance. We report here results of degradation studies of amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes to protons and neutrons with energies in excess of 100 keV.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effective Dosage of Extracorporeal Shock Waves Therapy to Reduce Spasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Claudio Fracisco Kluppel Bieszczad ◽  
Rodrigo Florência Da Silva ◽  
Renata R. Rothenbuhler ◽  
Angelo Contar Palmar ◽  
José Carlos Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Shock Waves ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
P Value ◽  
Muscle Spasticity ◽  
Severe Spasticity ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Ashworth Scale

AbstractThe required dosages in shock waves are investigated for a safe and effective therapy in muscle spasticity. The objective was to analyze the shock waves application in spastic individuals considering their dosage, energy cycles, safety margin capable of reducing spasticity. Measurements were performed on 23 individuals in two different groups. The first group has 10 normal individuals (20-50 years old). Muscle resistance is verified against the shock waves application in high doses in which inspection is used for analysis. The second group consists of 13 individuals with moderate and severe spasticity (50-70 years), in which the application of lithotripsy will be performed to analyze the effectiveness of the equipment, using the inspection, Ashworth scale, digital goniometer and accelerometer with an electrical stimulator. The spasticity and muscular resistance reduction in relation to the equipment is proven, using high doses and intensities. (Dosage: 0.060 mJ / mm² at 1000 cycles / s). There was a reduction in the mean in the four measurements, for example, in elbow flexion the average dropped from 2.85 to 1.46 (p-value <0.001). In the Ashworth scale there was a difference of 2 points in the median. In accelerometry, there was significance for maximum acceleration (p <0.001), acceleration time (p = 0.128) and there was no significance for dilation time (p = 0.003). No skin irritation was found after using the equipment. High doses do not harm patients. Physiotherapy is important for the success of this equipment. Muscle preparation is proportional to the effectiveness of the method. Keywords: Muscle Spasticity Lithotripsy. High-Energy Shock Waves. Walk Test. ResumoAs dosagens necessárias em ondas de choque são investigadas para uma terapia segura e eficaz na espasticidade muscular. O objetivo foi analisar a aplicação das ondas de choque em indivíduos espásticos considerando sua dosagem, ciclos de energia, margem de segurança capaz de reduzir a espasticidade. As mensurações foram realizadas em 23 indivíduos em dois grupos diferentes. O primeiro grupo apresenta 10 indivíduos normais (20-50 anos). Verifica-se a resistência muscular frente a aplicação das ondas de choque em doses elevadas no qual utiliza-se a inspeção para análise. O segundo grupo compõe-se de 13 indivíduos com espasticidade moderada e severa (50-70 anos), no qual se efetuará a aplicação da litotripsia para analisar a eficácia do equipamento, utiliza-se a inspeção, escala de Ashworth, goniômetro digital e acelerômetro com um estimulador elétrico. Comprova-se a redução da espasticidade e a resistência muscular frente ao equipamento, utilizando doses e intensidades elevadas. (Dose: 0,060 mJ/mm² á 1000 ciclos/s). Houve redução da média nas quatro mensurações, como por exemplo, na flexão do cotovelo a média caiu de 2,85 para 1,46 (p-valor <0,001). Na escala de Ashworth houve diferença de 2 pontos na mediana. Na acelerometria houve significância para a aceleração máxima (p<0,001), tempo de aceleração (p=0,128) e não houve significância para o tempo de dilatação (p= 0,003). Não foram constatados nenhuma irritação na pele após a utilização do equipamento. As dosagens elevadas não causam danos aos pacientes. A fisioterapia é importante para o sucesso deste equipamento. O preparo muscular é proporcional à eficácia do método. Palavras-chave: Espasticidade Muscular. Litotripsia. Ondas de Choque de Alta Energia. Teste de Caminhada.

scholarly journals Density Reduction: A Mechanism for Amorphization at High Ion Doses

1993 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Specht ◽  
D.A. Walko ◽  
S.J. Zinkle
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Atomic Displacements ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACTAt cryogenic temperatures, the accumulation of vacancy-interstitial pairs in Al2O3 from atomic displacements associated with ion implantation produces amorphization. At room temperature, these pairs recombine, and amorphization occurs only at high doses. X-ray reflectivity measurements show that amorphization of the surface of Al2O3 implanted at room temperature with 160 keV Cr+ ions is preceded by a progressive reduction in near-surface density. Monte Carlo simulations show that this density reduction can be accounted for by high-energy-transfer collisions which knock atoms deep into the target, leaving widely separated vacancies and interstitials, which do not recombine. Electron microscopy shows that at least some of these vacancies condense into voids. We propose that this reduction in near-surface density can lead to amorphization at high doses. We present simple approximations for the density reduction expected for different ions and targets.

The E-ring: interactions with plasma and implications for its evolution

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 599-602
Author(s):  
T.V. Johnson ◽  
G.E. Morfill ◽  
E. Grun
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Density Region ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Orbit Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ring Particle ◽  
Ring Material

A number of lines of evidence suggest that the particles making up the E-ring are small, on the order of a few microns or less in size (Terrile and Tokunaga, 1980, BAAS; Pang et al., 1982 Saturn meeting; Tucson, AZ). This suggests that a variety of electromagnetic and plasma affects may be important in considering the history of such particles. We have shown (Morfill et al., 1982, J. Geophys. Res., in press) that plasma drags forces from the corotating plasma will rapidly evolve E-ring particle orbits to increasing distance from Saturn until a point is reached where radiation drag forces acting to decrease orbital radius balance this outward acceleration. This occurs at approximately Rhea's orbit, although the exact value is subject to many uncertainties. The time scale for plasma drag to move particles from Enceladus' orbit to the outer E-ring is ~104yr. A variety of effects also act to remove particles, primarily sputtering by both high energy charged particles (Cheng et al., 1982, J. Geophys. Res., in press) and corotating plasma (Morfill et al., 1982). The time scale for sputtering away one micron particles is also short, 102 - 10 yrs. Thus the detailed particle density profile in the E-ring is set by a competition between orbit evolution and particle removal. The high density region near Enceladus' orbit may result from the sputtering yeild of corotating ions being less than unity at this radius (e.g. Eviatar et al., 1982, Saturn meeting). In any case, an active source of E-ring material is required if the feature is not very ephemeral - Enceladus itself, with its geologically recent surface, appears still to be the best candidate for the ultimate source of E-ring material.

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