scholarly journals Carbohydrates from Biomass: Sources and Transformation by Microbial Enzymes

10.5772/51576 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Henrique Souza Guimaraes
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Enzymes

Microbial enzymes used in prodrug activation for cancer therapy: Insights and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhi Dhankhar ◽  
Anubhuti Kawatra ◽  
Aparajita Mohanty ◽  
Pooja Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase ◽  
Cytosine Deaminase ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Enzyme Prodrug Therapy ◽  
Prodrug Activation ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Delivery Vector ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
Activation Therapy

Abstract:: Enzyme prodrug therapy has gained momentum in the recent years due to their ability to improve therapeutic index (benefits versus toxic side-effects) and efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Inactive prodrugs used in this system are converted into active anti-cancerous drugs by enzymes, specifically within the tumor cells. This therapy involves three components namely prodrug, enzyme and gene delivery vector. Past reports have clearly indicated that the choice of enzyme used, is the major determinant for the success of this therapy. Generally, enzymes from non-human sources are employed to avoid off-target toxicity. Exogenous enzymes also give a better control to the clinician regarding the calibration of treatment by site-specific initiation. Amongst these exo-enzymes, microbial enzymes are preferred due to their high productivity, stability and ease of manipulation. The present review focuses on the commonly used microbial enzymes particularly cytosine deaminase, nitroreductase, carboxypeptidase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase in prodrug activation therapy. Various aspects viz. source of the enzymes, types of cancer targeted, mode of action and efficacy of the enzyme/prodrug system, efficient vectors used and recent research developments of each of these enzymes are comprehensively elaborated. Further, the results of the clinical trials and various strategies to improve their clinical applicability are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of the Human Microbiome in Chemical Toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Koontz ◽  
Blair C. R. Dancy ◽  
Cassandra L. Horton ◽  
Jonathan D. Stallings ◽  
Valerie T. DiVito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
World Population ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence

There is overwhelming evidence that the microbiome must be considered when evaluating the toxicity of chemicals. Disruption of the normal microbial flora is a known effect of toxic exposure, and these disruptions may lead to human health effects. In addition, the biotransformation of numerous compounds has been shown to be dependent on microbial enzymes, with the potential for different host health outcomes resulting from variations in the microbiome. Evidence suggests that such metabolism of environmental chemicals by enzymes from the host's microbiota can affect the toxicity of that chemical to the host. Chemical-microbial interactions can be categorized into two classes: Microbiome Modulation of Toxicity (MMT) and Toxicant Modulation of the Microbiome (TMM). MMT refers to transformation of a chemical by microbial enzymes or metabolites to modify the chemical in a way that makes it more or less toxic. TMM is a change in the microbiota that results from a chemical exposure. These changes span a large magnitude of effects and may vary from microbial gene regulation, to inhibition of a specific enzyme, to the death of the microbes. Certain microbiomes or microbiota may become associated with different health outcomes, such as resistance or susceptibility to exposure to certain toxic chemicals, the ability to recover following a chemical-induced injury, the presence of disease-associated phenotypes, and the effectiveness of immune responses. Future work in toxicology will require an understanding of how the microbiome interacts with toxicants to fully elucidate how a compound will affect a diverse, real-world population.

scholarly journals Differential responses of needle and branch order-based root decay to nitrogen addition: dominant effects of acid-unhydrolyzable residue and microbial enzymes

2015 ◽  
Vol 394 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Kou ◽  
Weiwei Chen ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Wenlong Gao ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Branch Order ◽  
Root Decay ◽  
Differential Responses

Plant cell walls: Protecting the barrier from degradation by microbial enzymes

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn Lagaert ◽  
Tim Beliën ◽  
Guido Volckaert
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Microbial Enzymes

scholarly journals The environment shapes microbial enzymes: five cold-active and salt-resistant carboxylesterases from marine metagenomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2165-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoli Tchigvintsev ◽  
Hai Tran ◽  
Ana Popovic ◽  
Filip Kovacic ◽  
Greg Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Cold Active

scholarly journals MICROBIAL ENZYMES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON EXTRACT RECOVERIES FROM UNMALTED ADJUNCTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Albini ◽  
D. E. Briggs ◽  
A. Wadeson
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Enzymes

Production of 3-Aminonocardicinic Acid from Nocardicin C by Microbial Enzymes

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1439-1440
Author(s):  
Tadaaki Komori ◽  
Kiyohiko Kunugita ◽  
Kunio Nakahara ◽  
Hatsuo Aoki ◽  
Hiroshi Imanaka
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Enzymes

Management of microbial enzymes for biofuels and biogas production by using metagenomic and genome editing approaches

3 Biotech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rajesh Banu ◽  
Gopalakrishnan Kumar ◽  
Indranil Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Microbial Enzymes
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