scholarly journals Water Demand Uncertainty: The Scaling Laws Approach

10.5772/51542 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Vertommen ◽  
Roberto Magini ◽  
Maria da Conceicao Cunha ◽  
Roberto Guercio
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Scaling Laws

scholarly journals Generating Water Demand Scenarios Using Scaling Laws

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 1697-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vertommen ◽  
R. Magini ◽  
M. da Conceição Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Scaling Laws

scholarly journals Flexible and deterministic household water saving under water demand uncertainty: existing water distribution system and sanitary sewer perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Basupi
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Sanitary Sewer ◽  
Household Water

Abstract An integrated method that evaluates conflicting hydraulic performances of water distribution systems (WDSs) and sanitary sewers (SSs) considering water-saving schemes (WSSs) under fixed (deterministic) or uncertain water demands was formulated. WSSs considered include household water-saving fixtures and appliances whose water flows impact water distribution system (WDS) and sanitary sewer (SS) hydraulic performances in different ways. In the proposed flexible approach, a multi-objective optimisation problem was formulated and solved considering trade-offs of three objectives: (1) maximisation of the average cost savings (2) maximisation of the average WDS resilience index and (3) minimisation of the average SS self-cleansing velocity deficit factor. The decision variables include water-saving fixture and appliance capacities that are applied in a deterministic or flexible manner at a household level. The constraints include WDS and SS hydraulic requirements together with decision bounds of the available water-saving scheme capacities. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used to obtain trade-off solutions. This method was demonstrated in the corresponding WDS and SS network subsystems of Tsholofelo extension in Gaborone, Botswana. The results indicate that WSSs lead to visibly conflicting WDS and SS hydraulic performances. Moreover, considering uncertainty inherent in water demand and the corresponding planning and management of WDSs and SSs provides more sustainable solutions as demand uncertainties unveil.

scholarly journals Robust Design of a Real-Life Water Distribution Network under Different Demand Scenarios

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Ina Vertommen ◽  
Karel van Laarhoven ◽  
Maria da Conceição Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Robust Design ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
And Performance

In this paper a scenario-based robust optimization approach is proposed to take demand uncertainty into account in the design of water distribution networks. This results in insight in the trade-off between costs and performance of different designs. Within the proposed approach the designer is able to choose the desired degree of risk aversion, and the performance of the design can be assessed based on the water demand effectively supplied under different scenarios. Both future water demand scenarios and scenarios based on historical records are considered. The approach is applied to the design of a real-life water distribution network supplying part of a city in the Netherlands. From the results the relation between costs and performance for different scenarios becomes evident: a more robust design requires higher design costs. Moreover, it is proven that numerical optimization helps finding better design solutions when compared to manual approaches. The developed approach allows water utilities to make informed choices about how much to invest in their infrastructure and how to design it in order to achieve a certain level of robustness.

Grain yield reliability analysis with crop water demand uncertainty

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ganji ◽  
K. Ponnambalam ◽  
D. Khalili ◽  
M. Karamouz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Demand

Siphon Flows in Stratified Coronal Loops

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 185-187
Author(s):  
S. Orlando ◽  
G. Peres ◽  
S. Serio
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Supersonic Flows ◽  
Coronal Loops ◽  
Characteristic Parameters

AbstractWe have developed a detailed siphon flow model for coronal loops. We find scaling laws relating the characteristic parameters of the loop, explore systematically the space of solutions and show that supersonic flows are impossible for realistic values of heat flux at the base of the upflowing leg.

Equilibrium scaling laws for layered spin glasses

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 2041-2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Thill ◽  
H. J. Hilhorst
Keyword(s):  
Spin Glasses ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Layered Spin

Analysis of shear bands in slow granular flows using a frictional Cosserat model

2000 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhu R. Nott ◽  
K. Kesava Rao ◽  
L. Srinivasa Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Shear Bands ◽  
Shear Layers ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Field Variable ◽  
Cosserat Continuum ◽  
Momentum Balance ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
Cosserat Model

ABSTRACTThe slow flow of granular materials is often marked by the existence of narrow shear layers, adjacent to large regions that suffer little or no deformation. This behaviour, in the regime where shear stress is generated primarily by the frictional interactions between grains, has so far eluded theoretical description. In this paper, we present a rigid-plastic frictional Cosserat model that captures thin shear layers by incorporating a microscopic length scale. We treat the granular medium as a Cosserat continuum, which allows the existence of localised couple stresses and, therefore, the possibility of an asymmetric stress tensor. In addition, the local rotation is an independent field variable and is not necessarily equal to the vorticity. The angular momentum balance, which is implicitly satisfied for a classical continuum, must now be solved in conjunction with the linear momentum balances. We extend the critical state model, used in soil plasticity, for a Cosserat continuum and obtain predictions for flow in plane and cylindrical Couette devices. The velocity profile predicted by our model is in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. In addition, our model can predict scaling laws for the shear layer thickness as a function of the Couette gap, which must be verified in future experiments. Most significantly, our model can determine the velocity field in viscometric flows, which classical plasticity-based model cannot.

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