scholarly journals Bioactive Polysaccharides of American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characterization

10.5772/50741 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund M. K. Lui ◽  
Chike G. ◽  
Jose A. ◽  
Ahmad A. ◽  
Hua Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Pharmacological Characterization

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E Fiebig ◽  
John TA Proctor ◽  
Usher Posluszny ◽  
Dennis P Murr
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
The North ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Industry Practice

Characterization of the North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) inflorescence, the floret abscission zone, and its stimulation by ethylene were undertaken to gain insights into the potential for floret abscission induction as a replacement for the industry practice of expensive manual removal of the inflorescence. In each of 3 years, peduncle length of 3-year-old cultivated ginseng inflorescences increased rapidly in June, reaching maximal values of 140–180 mm. During this period, seed head diameter also increased to about 35 mm, while seed head fresh mass increased in July and August to 6.5–8.0 g. Flowering in 1996 and 1997 began in the last 2 weeks of June and lasted through July, with open flowers never exceeding 35%. Anatomical studies and manual dissection of 1- and 3-year-old perennating buds revealed development of the floral primordia first at their periphery and progressing centripetally. Stamen initials were seen as a pentamerous whorl just under the petal primordia, and the characteristic inferior ovary initiated as a slight depression at the centre of the floral meristem. Sections through 3-year-old inflorescences harvested on May 23, 1996, showed that distal floral apices had already formed constriction zones between the flower and the pedicel, indicating the position of the abscission zone. Length of time to ethylene-induced abscission zone formation was less than 24 h in 3-year-old ginseng harvested on July 23, 1997. The abscission threshold for ginseng berry drop was in the range of 10-100 µL·L–1 ethylene.Key words: anatomy, flowering, Panax quinquefolius, perennating bud.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Tissue Culture of American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius )

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baobao Qiang ◽  
Jianhua Miao ◽  
Nate Phillips ◽  
Kunhua Wei ◽  
Ying Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Recent Advances

Arbuscular mycorrhizae of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in cultivated field plots: plant age affects the development of a colonization lag phase

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
T P McGonigle ◽  
J P Hovius ◽  
R L Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Temporal patterns of colonization of roots of perennials by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are poorly understood because annual crops are more often studied. The objective was to monitor in detail the growth and mycorrhizae of the perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) over the first 2 years after seeding. In particular, the extent of carry-over of colonization into the second year was examined. Delayed germination of some seeds caused by chance-driven variability in the time needed for seed maturation after seed collection provided an opportunity to compare first- and second-year plants under identical conditions in the second year. For all plants, development of arbuscules rose to a maximum in mid-August, falling partially thereafter. Production of hyphal coils proceeded more slowly but steadily, so that end-of-season colonization was composed equally of arbuscules and hyphal coils. Between seasons, taproot dry mass was reduced by 18%, whereas lateral root length increased by 15%. These changes were probably caused by root turnover, which left little initial colonization of roots at the start of the second year. Strikingly, second-year plants did not exhibit a colonization lag phase, whereas a lag of 43 days was seen for the first-year plants alongside. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.Key words: perennial, arbuscules, hyphal coils, taproot, Ontario.

Possible Differential Induction of Phase 2 Enzyme and Antioxidant Pathways by American Ginseng,Panax quinquefolius

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Lee ◽  
Stephen D. Wise ◽  
Clark Chan ◽  
Teresa L. Parsons ◽  
Charles Flexner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Differential Induction
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