scholarly journals Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Effluents: An Overview of Applications

10.5772/16032 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Evren ◽  
Hale Ozgun ◽  
Recep Kaan ◽  
Izzet Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment

Experience on anaerobic treatment of distillery effluent with the UASB process

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. B. M. Driessen ◽  
M. H. Tielbaard ◽  
T. L. F. M. Vereijken
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Distillery Effluent ◽  
Anaerobic Process ◽  
Sugar Cane Juice ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Right

Since the development of the UASB process in the 1970s this process has been widely applied for the treatment of industrial effluents. Effluents from alcohol producing industries are mostly highly polluted and therefore in principle very suitable for anaerobic treatment. Distilleries use different kinds of raw materials such as sugar cane juice, sugar cane molasses, sugar beet molasses, wine or corn for the production of alcohol. The use of different materials and the different processes applied, result in a wide variety of effluents produced. The process conditions under which good results of the anaerobic process are obtained depend heavily on the type of distillery effluent being treated. The choice of the right set of process parameters for every type of distillery effluent has shown to be of crucial importance for the anaerobic process. Experience of anaerobic treatment on effluents from different alcohol-producing industries over a long term period are discussed. Special attention is given to the treatment of effluents from sugar cane based distilleries with very high COD concentration of 60 000 to 160 000 mg COD 1−1. Despite expected toxicity problems arising from the high concentrations of COD, sulfide and salts, anaerobic treatment with the UASB process proved to be successful in treating distillery effluent.

Biotreatability studies of pharmaceutical wastewater using an anaerobic suspended film contact reactor

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Venkata Mohan ◽  
R. S. Prakasham ◽  
B. Satyavathi ◽  
J. Annapurna ◽  
S. V. Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Bulk Drug

The pharmaceutical industrial effluents, which include several organic solvents and other toxic chemicals, are generally treated by aerobic process, which is cost intensive in nature. The alternative anaerobic route to degrade the toxic effluents is attractive due to the lower cost of treatment and the generation of gas, which can supplement the energy requirements. There are few reports on the anaerobic treatment of the pharmaceutical effluents. In the present investigation, the effluents from a bulk drug industry, which utilizes several organic chemicals, have been taken to assess their applicability for anaerobic treatment. The organic loading rates were varied from 0.25 kg/m3/day to 2.5 kg/m3/day and the COD reduction was found to be in the range of 60 to 80%. Long term operation of an anaerobic suspended film contact reactor carried out with 1.25 kg/m3/day was found to be optimum. The biogas generated during the degradation process was monitored and the methane content was found to be 60–70%.

Appropriate Technologies for Effective Management of Industrial and Domestic Waste Waters: The Decentralised Approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules B. van Lier ◽  
Gatze Lettinga
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Core Technology

The increasing scarcity of clean water sets the need for appropriate management of available water resources. Particularly regions suffering from a lack of water urgently need integrated environmental protection and resource conservation (EP&RC) technologies in order to enable effective management of the available water resources. EP&RC-concepts focus on a minimum of consumptive use of energy, chemicals, and water and a maximum of reuse of treated wastewater and of residues produced from the pollutants present in the wastewater. Consequently, by implementing these concepts, instead of a social threat, waste(water)s like sewage and industrial effluents become an important resource for water, fertilisers, soil conditioners and to some extent also energy. In addition, a bridge is made between environmental protection and agriculture practice, stimulating (urban) agriculture in the neighbourhood of large cities. Anaerobic treatment is considered as the core technology for mineralising organic compounds in waste(water) streams. Additional technologies are required to comply with the reuse criteria. Some examples of possible EP&RC concepts, using the anaerobic treatment technology for the reclamation of domestic sewage are discussed.

Field experience with different systems for biomass accumulation in anaerobic reactor technology

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Defour ◽  
D. Derycke ◽  
J. Liessens ◽  
P. Pipyn
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Reactor ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Accumulation System ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phase Separator ◽  
Hybrid Reactors

Thanks to undeniable advantages as recovery of energy and a low sludge production, anaerobic wastewater treatment has received recognition in the last decade. However due to the slow methanogenic growth, inreactor biomass accumulation is essential to maintain high loading rates. Indeed wash-out of biomass is one of the main problems encountered in the anaerobic treatment of industrial effluents. A broad scoped overview of the different reactor technologies is given each with its proper biomass accumulation system. All of them are founded on two basic mechanisms for biomass accumulation: separation and retention. Settling (Anaerobic Contact reactor), ultrafiltration and flotation (FlotametP) are the techniques used to separate externally the biomass from the effluent after which the biomass can be recirculated to the anaerobic reactor. Concentration of biomass can also be achieved by attachment to a mobile (Fluidized Bed reactor) or a static carrier with possible entrapment in its macroporous structure (Anaerobic Filter reactor). The UASB-reactor incorporates retention as well as separation. By stimulating granular growth, biomass is accumulated in the lower part of the reactor. A three phase separator at the top of the reactor contributes to the final clarification of the effluent. Hybrid reactors eventually combine different biomass accumulation mechanisms: granulation, external biomass separation (Upflow Anaerobic Contact reactor) and fixation (Upflow Anaerobic Contact Filter reactor).

Anaerobic treatment of textile size effluent

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
J. Sacks ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Digesters ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Sewage Purification ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Inhibitory Components ◽  
Under Performing

This investigation focused on the KwaZulu-Natal province, where a number of under-utilised and under-performing anaerobic digesters were identified. The aim of the study was to assess the potential for treatment of high-strength or toxic organic agro-industrial effluents in the available capacity. The anaerobic digestion of a textile size effluent was investigated. Inhibitory components and concentrations of the solution were identified. The size solution was degraded anaerobically but could cause overloading of a digester at high concentrations. The performance efficiency of the anaerobic digesters at the Umbilo Sewage Purification Works was evaluated. The digesters were operating efficiently and had available hydraulic and organic capacities. This investigation confirmed the potential for the treatment of high-strength organic effluents in the available anaerobic digester capacity.

Anaerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents – status quo and new developments

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Habets ◽  
Willie Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mill Effluents ◽  
Pre Treatment

Since the early 1980s, anaerobic treatment of industrial effluents has found widespread application in the pulp and paper industry. Over 200 installations are treating a large variety of different pulp and paper mill effluents. Amongst various anaerobic systems the UASB and IC are the most applied anaerobic reactor systems. Anaerobic treatment is well feasible for effluents originated from recycle paper mills, mechanical pulping (peroxide bleached), semi-chemical pulping and sulphite and kraft evaporator condensates. The advantages of anaerobic pre-treatment are (1) net production of renewable energy (biogas), (2) minimized bio-solids production, (3) minimal footprint and (4) reduced emission of greenhouse gases. Via in-line application of anaerobic treatment in closed circuits (paper kidney technology) further savings on cost of fresh water intake and effluent discharge levies are generated.

Nitrogen removal in a submerged filter with no effluent recirculation

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Chui ◽  
Y. Terashima ◽  
J.H. Tay ◽  
H. Ozaki ◽  
S. Jeyaseelan
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Anoxic Zone ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Effluent Recirculation ◽  
Effluent Recycling

The performance of a partly aerated submerged filter in treating high nitrogenous wastewaters such as industrial effluents after anaerobic treatment was investigated in this study. The filter was operated without effluent recycling and its response to various test conditions of aeration rates, hydraulic loads, COD/N ratios and hydraulic retention times was evaluated. Results indicated that for an influent concentration of 250 mg N/L and for a loading rate of 0.7 kg N/m3.d, 60% of the nitrogen can be removed. For a reduced loading rate of 0.25 kg N/m3.d, nitrogen removal efficiency could reach 86%. Denitrification was hypothesized to have taken place inside the support media in the aerated zone of the filter where oxygen was lacking as well as at locations immediately below the air diffuser where an anoxic zone was formed with the back-flowing nitrified substrate.

Future perspectives in bioreactor development

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mulder ◽  
T.L.F.M. Vereijken ◽  
C.M.T.J. Frijters ◽  
S.H.J. Vellinga
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment

The paper discusses conversion capacities of both anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment systems in relation to growth kinetics, hydrodynamics and biomass concentration. In the current modern anaerobic high-rate reactors the conversion potentials are optimally exploited. This is not yet true for aerobic systems since operation of aerobic systems under conditions of low biomass growth reduces the maximum applicable loading rates significantly. Both the concept of granulation and the introduction of fluidised bed systems have increased conversion capacities for both anaerobic and aerobic systems significantly. One of the latest development concerns the SBR with granular biomass. The grazing concept, in which ciliates convert aerobically grown dispersed cells, offers a possibility for significant improvement of aerobic systems. In the fields of psychrophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment, specific reactor development may contribute to further enhance volumetric conversion capacities. Due to reduced water usage, both COD and salt concentrations tend to increase for industrial effluents. As a consequence, there is a need for the development of anaerobic reactors retaining flocculant biomass. The membrane bioreactors offer a solution for certain niches in wastewater treatment. However the oxygen transfer economy is poor. There is a need for fundamental knowledge development to obtain a realistic image of this technology.

Sustainable development in pollution control and the role of anaerobic treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lettinga ◽  
J. B. Van Lier ◽  
J. C.L. Van Buuren ◽  
G.. Zeeman
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Available Water

The increasing scarcity of clean water sets the need for appropriate management of available water resources. Particularly regions suffering from a lack of water urgently need integrated environmental protection and resource conservation (EP and RC) technologies in order to enable effective management of the available water resources. EP and RC-concepts focus on pollution prevention and on a minimum of consumptive use of energy, chemicals, and water in pollution abatement and a maximum of re-use of treated wastewater, by-products and residues produced in the treatment of waste and wastewater. Consequently, by implementing these concepts, waste(water)s like sewage and industrial effluents become an important source of water, fertilisers, soil conditioners and (frequently) energy instead of a social threat. In addition, a bridge is made between environmental protection and agriculture practice, stimulating (urban) agriculture in the neighbourhood of large cities. Anaerobic treatment is considered as the core technology for mineralising organic compounds in waste(water) streams. Additional technologies are required to comply with the reuse criteria. Some examples of possible EP and RC concepts, using the anaerobic treatment technology for the reclamation of domestic sewage are discussed.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

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