scholarly journals Beyond carbon sequestration – local knowledge about tree functions. Case study from male and female Arabica coffee farmers in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Simelton ◽  
◽  
Rachmat Mulia ◽  
Clement Rigal ◽  
Tuan Minh Duong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Finance ◽  
Preferred Species

Estimates of carbon sequestration for timber trees is well documented, while fruit trees are understudied. The few existing estimates indicate that fruit trees and fertiliser management on them, can substantially sequester carbon in coffee monocultures, albeit unlikely to the same extent as timber trees. A carbon investor may thus favour timber. In this light, as programs for planting billions and trillion trees are launched “to save the climate”, a wide range of gender, social, justice and environmental concerns are voiced. To challenge the mitigation perspective, we contrasted two hypothetical tree planting strategies: a mitigation (carbon finance) perspective and a livelihoods-centred (local) perspective and explored what a rapid, gender and social inclusion-oriented livelihoods perspective could bring to the process of tree selection. The survey documents indigenous knowledge of trees’ potential (dis)benefits in coffee agroforestry systems among 106 female and male arabica-growers in northwest Vietnam. The results display many similarities between women and men in term of perceived benefits from trees. Women and men prioritized trees based on their economic benefits, impacts on coffee production and improved soil fertility. However, in determining the preferred species, women considered more factors, including consequences for pest and disease (on host tree or coffee), microclimate regulation and shade provision. These findings resemble those by others from the same region and demonstrate that consulting both women and men can result in a more diverse shortlist of potential trees for agroforestry/afforestation that reflect both genders’ economic and labour contributions to the household. Furthermore, tree planting projects would benefit from seeking collaboration for bundled ecosystem services, rather than merely from carbon finance. Conversely, carbon investors can rely on farmers’ preferences and rest assured that they also contribute to sequestering carbon.

scholarly journals Rooting Forest Landscape Restoration in Consumer Markets—A Review of Existing Marketing-Based Funding Initiatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennia Bosshard ◽  
Merel Jansen ◽  
Sara Löfqvist ◽  
Chris J. Kettle
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Landscape Restoration ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Landscape Degradation ◽  
Forest Landscape Restoration ◽  
Wide Range

Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is globally important to mitigate a wide range of social and environmental problems driven by landscape degradation and deforestation. Despite widespread recognition of the urgent need to restore biodiversity and ecological functioning across many forest landscapes, there is an apparent mismatch between political commitments and direct actions on the ground. Global markets and consumption patterns remain prominent drivers of land degradation. Alternatively, market forces could be transformed to have net positive rather than negative influence on land use change, offering innovative pathways to incentivise and finance FLR. Understanding current market mechanisms that finance FLR is essential for establishing best practices and effective policy. We reviewed 40 eco-marketing initiatives to provide an overview of the types of organizations involved in funding of FLR, and how they finance and enable FLR interventions. We identified three groups of initiatives: for-profit business, certified social enterprise, and non-profit organization. In total, 36 out of the reviewed initiatives collaborated with enabler-organizations to implement FLR activities. All initiatives promoted active tree planting, primarily in regenerative agroforestry systems. Only six analyzed initiatives included natural regeneration as a type of FLR intervention. This suggests that eco-marketing initiatives primarily focus on funding tree planting initiatives, possibly because tree planting is the easiest message to communicate to consumers. Strong safeguards and governance of FLR projects are necessary to ensure that tree planting projects do not overshadow other FLR interventions in areas where other approaches have more significant ecological, environmental, and social benefits.

scholarly journals Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurniatun Hairiah ◽  
Widianto Widianto ◽  
Didik Suprayogo ◽  
Meine Van Noordwijk
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry

Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4–20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as ΣDv2/dbh2 and as ΣDh2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle > 45°) and horizontal (angle < 45°) proximal roots. High IRA values (>1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest ‘soil anchoring’. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m−3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was >1.5 kg m−2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.

scholarly journals Agroforestería social para la captura de carbono en Chiapas: más allá del incentivo económico / Social Agroforestry for Carbon Sequestration in Chiapas: beyond Economic Incentive

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Ruiz de Oña ◽  
Lorena Soto Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Payments For Environmental Services ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
La Milpa ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

ABSTRACTThis study employs an ethnographic approach to the experience of indigenous peasants in Chiapas, Mexico, participating in a project of payments for environmental services for the purpose of ecological restoration and reforestation, The Scolel-Té project, which pioneered the establishment of agroforestry plots to capture carbon. The objective is to understand what role the economic incentive plays in the permanence or the abandonment of the practice of planting trees in the milpa system from the rationality of the peasants. By applying in-depth interviews with indigenous farmers in four project areas and at different stages of establishment of agroforestry systems, we explore the acquired knowledge of the peasants; attitudes towards environmental change in their territories; amendments to its productive system as a result of tree planting strategies; the motivations for participating in the project and the integration of agroforestry practices after completion of the payment; and how producers value their experience. We conclude that the initial adoption of the practice of planting trees in farmer agricultural plots is high and is strongly driven by the payment for carbon sequestration. However, the integration of agroforestry practices detached from an economic incentive is weak.RESUMENEste estudio es una aproximación etnográfica a la experiencia de campesinos indígenas de Chiapas, México, participantes en un proyecto de pagos por servicios ambientales con fines de restauración ecológica y reforestación, el proyecto Scolel-Té, pionero en el establecimiento de parcelas agroforestales para la captura de carbono. El objetivo es comprender qué papel juega el incentivo económico en la permanencia o abandono de la siembra de árboles en la milpa desde la racionalidad del productor. Mediante la aplicación de entrevistas a profundidad con campesinos indígenas en cuatro zonas del proyecto y en diferentes fases de establecimiento de los sistemas agroforestales, se investiga cómo valoran los participantes en el proyecto los conocimientos adquiridos; las actitudes hacia los cambios ambientales en sus territorios; las modificaciones introducidas en sus estrategias productivas a raíz de la siembra de árboles; las motivaciones que llevan a participar en el proyecto y a continuar una vez finalice el pago; y cómo valoran los productores su experiencia. Se concluye que la adopción inicial de la práctica de sembrar árboles en parcelas de cultivo es alta y está fuertemente impulsada por el pago por captura de carbono. Sin embargo, la integración de las prácticas agroforestales desligadas de un incentivo econó-mico es débil.

scholarly journals Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rika Sari ◽  
Danny Saputra ◽  
Kurniatun Hairiah ◽  
Danaë Rozendaal ◽  
James Roshetko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Degraded Forest ◽  
H Index ◽  
C Stocks

The degree to which the maintenance of carbon (C) stocks and tree diversity can be jointly achieved in production landscapes is debated. C stocks in forests are decreased by logging before tree diversity is affected, while C stocks in monoculture tree plantations increase, but diversity does not. Agroforestry can break this hysteresis pattern, relevant for policies in search of synergy. We compared total C stocks and tree diversity among degraded forest, complex cacao/fruit tree agroforests, simple shade-tree cacao agroforestry, monoculture cacao, and annual crops in the Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We evaluated farmer tree preferences and the utility value of the system for 40 farmers (male and female). The highest tree diversity (Shannon–Wiener H index 2.36) and C stocks (282 Mg C ha−1) were found in degraded forest, followed by cacao-based agroforestry systems (H index ranged from 0.58–0.93 with C stocks of 75–89 Mg ha−1). Male farmers selected timber and fruit tree species with economic benefits as shade trees, while female farmers preferred production for household needs (fruit trees and vegetables). Carbon stocks and tree diversity were positively related (R2 = 0.72). Adding data from across Indonesia (n = 102), agroforestry systems had an intermediate position between forest decline and reforestation responses. Maintaining agroforestry in the landscape allows aboveground C stocks up to 50 Mg ha−1 and reduces biodiversity loss. Agroforestry facilitates climate change mitigation and biodiversity goals to be addressed simultaneously in sustainable production landscapes.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue “Talking about Roma: Implications for Social Inclusion”

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eben Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Final Article ◽  
General Populations ◽  
Range Of Variation

By the last decade of the twentieth century, official discourse calling for the elimination of Roma had been largely replaced by approaches aimed at inclusion. Contemporary approaches of this kind can be roughly divided into those which emphasize human rights as a basis for measures to improve the Roma’s situation and those rooted in the proposition that improvements in the situation of Roma can be expected to provide economic benefits for the general populations of the countries in which Roma live. The contributions to this special issue critically examine public discourses from throughout Europe which are ostensibly aimed at promoting the social inclusion of Roma. While the fact that the discourses treated fit broadly within human rights and/or economic paradigms allows the articles to speak to one another in various ways, the articles also exhibit a wide range of variation in approach as well as geographical focus. Whereas the first four articles deal directly with issues of definition in relation to Roma, a second group of contributions compares developments across multiple countries or institutions. The last four articles each treat a single country, with the final article narrowing the focus further to a single city.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Agroforestry Carbon Storage Status and Potential in Irrigated Plains of Pakistan

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin ◽  
Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz ◽  
Timothy Ancel Martin ◽  
Nabeel Khan Niazi ◽  
Sadaf Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Total Tree

The Kyoto Protocol includes agroforestry practices as a suggested approach for mitigating global atmospheric CO2. Agroforestry systems are a desirable option for mitigating atmospheric CO2, as they provide numerous secondary benefits, including food, fodder, fuel, increased farm income, biodiversity maintenance, and soil conservation. This research was planned to assess the current carbon storage status and future potential of agroforestry systems in Pakistan through a nondestructive approach (allometric equations) in 14 subdivisions (tehsils) of three selected districts located in the irrigated plains of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 1750 plots of 0.405 ha each were selected in a randomized, unbiased sampling to estimate the total number of trees, tree species diversity, diameters at breast height (DBHs), and tree heights. Soil carbon was also measured at 0–30 cm using the Walkley–Black method in a subset of plots. It was found that the current number of trees in farms in the study area varied from 18 to 51 trees/ha, which can be increased to 42–83 trees/ha if all the farmers plant the maximum permissible number of trees along with their crops. The estimated total tree carbon stock ranged from 0.0003 to 8.79 Mgha−1, with the smallest mean value of 0.39 Mgha−1 for tehsil Faisalabad, and the largest mean value of 1.41 Mgha−1 for tehsil Chiniot. The whole study area had an estimated woody vegetation carbon stock of 950,470 Mg and a soil carbon stock of 22,743,008 Mg. If farmers in the study area all increased tree stocking to their average maximum desired stocking, the total tree carbon stock would more than double to 2,497,261 Mg. These results highlight both the current and potential carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry in Pakistan and can be further used in devising strategies for implementing tree planting programs on agricultural lands and designing future carbon sequestration projects in Pakistan.

Potential economic impact of carbon sequestration in coffee agroforestry systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
Nicolas Goncalves ◽  
Daniel Andrade ◽  
Alan Batista ◽  
Laury Cullen ◽  
Aline Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry

The Coffee Agroforestry System in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Cessa-Reyes ◽  
Octavio Ruiz-Rosado ◽  
Liliana Alcudia-Armida
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Water Catchment

Objective: To identify the current knowledge about the coffee agroforestry systems, with emphasis on Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: A documentary internet search based on Google® was carried out using the keywords "agroforestry and coffee plantations”, and “coffee agroforestry systems in Mexico". Results: As a result, 88 documents were obtained; 91% of the publications were in Spanish, 40% are from Colombia, 24% from Mexico, 7% from Costa Rica and the last 29% from other countries. Limitations of the study/implications: This topic is studied by several institutions, although it is not part of a systematic line of study. Findings/Conclusions: Most of the research are focused on the importance of the coffee agroforestry system as a provider of environmental services, standing out the carbon sequestration, water catchment, biodiversity reservation and soil erosion buffering.

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