scholarly journals Effect of water scarcity during thermal-humidity exposure on the mineral footprint of sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1940-1947
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Ji-Yung Kim ◽  
Kyu-Hyun Park ◽  
Won-Seob Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Mineral Levels ◽  
Additional Mineral

Objective: Combination of two stressors on alteration of mineral footprints in animals needs due attention to meet maximum production and welfare, particularly in grazing sheep. This study tested whether ewes (Ovis aries) exposed to water deprivation and thermal–humidity stressors had altered mineral footprints in their wool, serum, urine, and feces.Methods: Nine ewes (age = 3 years; mean body weight = 41±3.5 kg) were divided among a control group with free access to water, and treatment groups with water deprivation lasting either 2 h (2hWD) or 3 h (3hWD) after feeding. Using a 3×3 Latin square design, animals were assigned to treatment groups for three sampling periods of 21 days each (n = 9). Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture. Wool was collected at the end of periods 2 and 3. Metabolic crates designed with metal grated floors were used for urine and feces collection. We measured sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).Results: The wool mineral levels did not differ between the treatment groups, although K was marginally lower (p = 0.10) in the 2hWD group. The serum and urine mineral levels did not differ between the treatments (p>0.05). Fecal K was significantly lower in the 2hWD group than in the other groups (p≤0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, water deprivation and thermal-humidity exposure altered the excretion of K, but not of other minerals, in the wool, urine, feces, or serum of ewes. Thus, no additional mineral supplementation is needed for water deprived ewes during thermalhumidity exposure.

scholarly journals Microbial nitrogen production, nitrogen balance and excretion of urinary purine derivatives in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Ehsan Oskouian ◽  
Byong-Wan Kim ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Kyung-Il Sung
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine microbial N production, and urinary excretion of PDs in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation. Nine Corriedale ewes (average BW=45±4.5 kg) were individually fed diets based on maintenance requirements in metabolic crates. Ewes were assigned to three treatment groups according to a 3×3 Latin square design for 3 periods of 21 days duration. The treatments were free access to water (FAW ), 2h water deprivation (2hWD), and 3h water deprivation (3hWD) following feeding. Daily water intake decreased linearly as water deprivation time following feeding increased. Feed intake and fecal excretion were not different among the treatment groups. Urine weight and volume were higher in FAW than water deprived groups. Nitrogen balance including urinary N, retained N, urinary N/intake N, and retained N/intake N were lower in FAW group than other treatment groups, whereas no differences were observed in intake N, fecal N, digestible N, and fecal N/intake N among the treatment groups. Allantoin concentration tended to be higher in FAW group than 2hWD and 3hWD groups while no differences were observed in uric acid, xanthine+hypoxanthine and creatinine concentrations. Microbial N production per DOMR was higher in 2hWD and 3hWD groups than FAW group whereas no differences were observed between 2hWD and 3hWD groups. Index of PDC decreased linearly with water deprivation. It is concluded that water deprivation following feeding, especially 2 h water deprivation in ewes improved microbial N production.

Effects of Electric Shock on Water Consumption in Random-Bred Mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-862
Author(s):  
Martin Manosevitz ◽  
Robert J. Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Shock Control ◽  
Access To Water

Water consumption in a random-bred line of mice was studied to determine if consumption could be used as a behavioral measure of emotionality. The treatment, electric shock, was administered to 13 mice; a non-shock control group included 14 mice. 48 hr. after treatment, all mice were given 24 hr. water deprivation. This was followed by 24 hr. free access to water. During this 24-hr. period, water consumption was recorded at 30, 60, 90, 120 min., and at the end of 24 hr. Mice that received the electric shock consumed significantly more water than the control group during the first 2 hr. These results are consistent with the suggestion that water consumption may be a useful indicator of emotionality in mice.

Supplementary feeding of dairy cows on continuously stocked pasture

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Jennings ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stocking Rates

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with milking cows on continuously stocked perennial ryegrass pastures. In each a control group, T0, received 1 kg/day of a concentrate supplement and treatment groups T1 and T2 received 4 kg (Expt 1) or 5 kg/day (Expt 2) of a low quality T1 or a high quality T2 concentrate. In Expt 1 treatments were applied continuously for 14 weeks to a total of 30 cows. In Expt 2 a Latin square design for 9 weeks was conducted with 18 cows. The stocking rate of the pasture declined from 9·6 to 5·1 cows per ha (mean 6·7 cows/ha) from May to August (Expt 1) and was maintained at 3 cows/ha in August-October (Expt 2).Supplements increased total intakes by 0·92 and 0·77 kg organic matter (OM)/kg OM supplied in the concentrates respectively for Expts 1 and 2. Milk yields increased by 0·6 and 0·5 kg/kg concentrate supplied and supplemented cows showed small increases in live weight. Differences in lactation milk yield just approached significance. Grazing times were only slightly reduced by supplements and bite sizes were lower than normal. There was no important difference in animal performance between the two concentrates. The total output from the pasture was 19·6t milk and 115 GJ of utilized metabolizable energy per hectare.Reasons for the high supplementary effect of the concentrates and its implications for stocking rates are discussed.

Natriuresis induced by arginine vasopressin infusion in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. F799-F805 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Park ◽  
M. Congiu ◽  
D. A. Denton ◽  
M. J. McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Daily Output ◽  
Vasopressin Infusion ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Response To Water

The aim of this study was to investigate whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) is natriuretic in sheep at plasma concentrations comparable to those induced by water deprivation. AVP was infused intravenously at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 microgram/h for 24-48 h in sheep allowed free access to water. Infusion of AVP at 0.1 microgram/h did not alter renal Na output, whereas infusion of AVP at both 0.2 and 0.5 microgram/h significantly increased daily output of Na in urine. Significant natriuresis did not occur until 3.5 h after the start of AVP infusion at 0.2 microgram/h. Plasma AVP levels induced by these infusions were 9.8 +/- 1.6 (0.1 microgram/h AVP), 21.9 +/- 7.7 (0.2 microgram/h AVP), and 32.5 +/- 9.0 pg/ml (0.5 microgram/h AVP) after 24 h. These concentrations are within the range found in sheep deprived of water for 3 days. Hypophysectomy abolished increases in plasma AVP concentration but not natriuresis in response to water deprivation. This suggests that increased plasma AVP concentration does not play an essential role in the mechanisms subserving dehydration-induced natriuresis.

scholarly journals Effect of supplementation level and sheep breed on hay intake and diet digestibility

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
E. Gonzalez-Chábarri ◽  
P. Lavín ◽  
A.R. Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sheep Breed ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Some recent studies (Frutos et al, 1992; Giraldez et al, 1993) comparing Spanish sheep breeds have indicate possible differences between breeds in the digestive diet utilization. The aim of this study was to compare voluntary food intake and diet digestibility in three sheep breeds when offered three levels of concentrate supplementation.A latin square trial (3x3x3) involving three sheep breeds and three levels of concentrate in three periods, with three replicates was designed. The breeds compared were Merina (39.83±10.05 kg live weight (LW)), Churra (44.33±9.86 kg LW) and Assaf (55.83±7.65 kg LW) and three non-productive ewes of each breed were used. All animals were divided into three groups of three animals (one ewe per breed) and housed in individual pens with free access to water and mineral blocks.

scholarly journals The influence of the partial replacing of some inorganic minerals with glycine complex and the vitamin d3 source on performance, slaughter traits, sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of pheasant muscles (Phasianus colchicus L.) Depending on gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽  
D. Gugała ◽  
Marian Flis
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Calcium Iron

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of these substitutions on body weight and slaughtering performance, post-mortem changes, sensory characteristics and chemical composition of selected muscle groups of male and female pheasants. The tests were carried out on pheasants during 5–16 weeks of rearing in enclosed aviaries. Four groups of 8 females and 8 males were formed, and the experimental factor was the supplementation of calcium, iron, zinc and copper salts with glycinates of these elements. The control group received a feed blend containing 100% of the mineral need as salts. In the E-25 group, 25% of the salts were replaced by glycinates, in the E-50 group 50% of the salts were replaced, and in the E-75 group only glycinates comprising 75% of the total mineral content were used and no salts were included, with vitamin D3 replaced by calcitriol. For the duration of the study, feeding was at will and the birds had free access to water. In addition, pheasants were weighed at the age of 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Daily feed intake was monitored. At the end of the experiment, when all the pheasants were 16 weeks old, they were weighed and decapitated. The breast, thighs and drumsticks and the heart, liver and gizzard were removed from the chilled carcasses. Supplementation of calcium, iron, zinc and copper salts with 50% glycinates in feed mixtures for pheasants over a period of 5–16 weeks resulted in a slight improvement in the slaughter weight of birds and a significant increase in crude ash, calcium and zinc, while at 75% supplementation and when calcitriol was used instead of vitamin D3, increased phosphorus levels were found in the pheasant muscles analyzed. Males had higher body weight, body weight gain, carcass, liver and gizzard weights, and their muscles had more magnesium and potassium and less calcium, sodium and iron than females.

The effect of diet and frequency of watering on rumen degradability and outflow rate of low-quality veld hay and dry-matter apparent digestibility in steers given food at maintenance

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sibanda ◽  
P. R. Hatendi ◽  
F. M. Mulenga ◽  
P. Ndlovu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Degradation Pattern ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Access To Water

AbstractThe effect of water restriction on rumen degradability and outflow rate of low quality veld hay and dry-matter apparent digestibility was investigated in four rumen cannulated Tuli × Friesian steers (mean weight 329 (s.d. 36·6) kg) given food at maintenance (metabolizable energy allowance (maintenance) (MJ) = 8·3 + 0·091 M). Two diets with 20: 80 (low, L) and 80:20 (high, H) roughage to concentrate ratios were used in combination with free access to water for 2·5 h once daily or once every 3rd day. A 4 × 4 Latin-square design with a 2 (diets) × 2 (watering frequencies) factorial arrangement of treatments was used.The degradation pattern of veld hay was not affected by the type of diet and the watering frequency. Although the effective degradabilities of hay in steers given the two diets were low (177 and 258 g/kg for L and H, respectively), they were significantly different (P < 0·05) from each other. However, watering frequency did not affect the effective degradability of hay (218 and 217 g/kg). While the low roughage diet had a higher rumen outflow rate for Crmordanted hay than the high roughage diet (0·047 per h and 0·031 per h), this was not statistically significant. The same outflow rate was obtained for the two watering frequencies (0·039 per h).

The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe: 1. Live weight and food and water requirements

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Nengomasha ◽  
R.A. Pearson ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Access To Food

AbstractThree experiments were undertaken to assess the Zimbabwean donkey. In the first study, 191 male and 144 female working donkeys from Matopos, Nkayi and Matobo districts were weighed. Age, sex and coat colour were recorded and heart girth, umbilical girth, body length and height were measured. There were no differences (P > 0⋅05) in live weight, 142 and 141 kg, heart girth 115 and 115 cm, body length 89 and 90 cm and height 105 and 105 cm between males and females. This suggests that draught potential might be similar between the sexes. Heart girth was the best single predictor of live weight: live weight (kg) = heart girth (cm)2⋅83/4786 (R2 = 0⋅86). Donkeys were similar in size to others in Africa. In the second study, the voluntary dry-matter intake (DMI) of a poor quality hay was measured for 35 days in nine male (mean live weight 150 kg) and nine female donkeys (142 kg) allocated to one of three treatment groups: water available ad libitum, or given every 48 h, or every 72 h. There were significant differences in daily water (P < 0.001) and DMIs (P < 0.05): 8.5, 4.9 and 5.1l and 3.1, 2.8 and 2.7 kg for the three treatment groups, respectively. However even with restricted access to water, donkeys maintained a relatively high DMI. In the third experiment a 3 Х 3 Latin square was designed with three teams of four male donkeys each, either working (5 h/day) I no access to food (5 h/day); not working/no access to food (5 h/day) or not working/access to food 24 h/day, for 63 days. For working and non-working donkeys, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in DMI, DM apparent digestibility and mean retention time (MRT) of hay. Time of access to food did not influence DMI. The apparent lack of response was attributed primarily to the poor quality of the hay.

scholarly journals Effects of the Appropriate Addition of Antioxidants from Pinus densiflora and Mentha canadensis Extracts on Methane Emission and Rumen Fermentation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888
Author(s):  
Shin Ja Lee ◽  
Ye Jun Lee ◽  
Jun Sik Eom ◽  
Hyun Sang Kim ◽  
You Young Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Fibrobacter Succinogenes ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Methane Reduction

This study aimed to investigate the optimal addition of terpene-based Pinus densiflora and Mentha canadensis extracts, with antioxidant and methane reduction effects, as feed supplements to ruminants. Two cannulated steers (450 ± 30 kg), consuming Timothy Hay and a commercial concentrate (60:40, w/w) twice daily (at 09:00 and 17:30) at 2% of body weight, with free access to water and a mineral block, were used as rumen fluid donors. In vitro fermentation experiments, with Timothy Hay as the substrate, were conducted with P. densiflora and M. canadensis extracts as supplements to achieve concentrations of 30, 50, and 70 mg/L on a Timothy Hay basis. Fibrobacter succinogenes decreased in proportion upon P. densiflora and M. canadensis extract supplementation at 50 mg/L, while the dry matter degradability of the feed was not significantly different (p < 0.05). Methane emission was significantly lower in the 50 and 70 mg/L treatment groups, for both extracts, at 12 h (p < 0.05). Based on methane production and antioxidant activity, our study suggests that 30 mg/L addition is the most appropriate level of supplementation.

scholarly journals Effects of sweetener sucralose on diet preference, growth performance and hematological and biochemical parameters of weaned piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwei Zhang ◽  
Holden He ◽  
Limin Gong ◽  
Wenqing Lai ◽  
Bing Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Health State ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Diet Preference

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary sucralose on diet preference and growth performance of weaned piglets, and a third experiment was a 28-d safety study to examine if high-dose sucralose could affect the health state of weaned piglets.Methods: In experiment one, 48 piglets had free access to a corn-soybean based diet and the same diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg sucralose for 15 d. In experiment two, 180 piglets were blocked into 5 treatments with 6 replications. They were fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg/kg sucralose for 28 days. In experiment three, 108 piglets were randomly assigned to 3 treatments and fed diets supplemented with 0, 150 (suitable level), and 1,500 (ten-fold suitable level) mg/kg sucralose for 28 d.Results: The experiment 1 showed that piglets preferred (p<0.05) diets containing sucralose during experimental period. In experiment 2, piglets fed a diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg sucralose had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than pigs in the control group and other treatment groups during the experiment period. The concentrations of sucralose over 150 mg/kg may decrease feed intake. However, no difference in feed conversion ratio was observed. In experiment 3, piglets fed diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg sucralose had a higher ADG and ADFI than that of pigs in the control group and 1,500 mg/kg treatment groups during the experiment period. Clinical blood metabolites, organ index and histological morphology were not significantly different between sucralose treatments.Conclusion: Sucralose can promote feed intake and thereby improve growth performance of weaned piglets. Moreover, inclusion of 1,500 mg/kg sucralose was demonstrated to have no observed adverse effects. Supplementing 150 mg/kg sucralose for weaned piglets is recommended in this study.

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