scholarly journals — Invited Review — Amino acid requirements in horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-695
Author(s):  
Chan Hee Mok ◽  
Kristine L. Urschel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Evaluating amino acid requirements, specifically threonine requirements, in horses will enable better feed formulation and result in economic production, improved animal health, and reduced environmental pollution. However, the current knowledge of protein and amino acid requirements in horses is still limited. Because horses have a unique digestive system and consume a variety of feed ingredients, their protein digestibility may be affected than other species by different feed composition, and thus amino acid requirements are susceptible to vary between situations. Therefore, a careful evaluation of amino acid requirements with a proper method is needed for various conditions. This review will also provide comprehensive information that needs to be considered when designing an amino acid requirement study in horses.

scholarly journals Dietary Protein Quality in Humans—An Overview

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Utilization ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Amino Acid Score

Abstract The first objective in evaluating protein quality is to permit a ranking of proteins according to their potential nutritive value and to permit detection of changes in nutritive value due to processing and/or storage. The second objective is to permit prediction of the contribution a food protein, or mixture of food proteins, makes toward meeting nitrogen and amino acid requirements for growth or maintenance. Different approaches are used in meeting these distinct aims. The preferred current method to meet the second aim is the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). This article introduces the concept of PDCAAS and places it in the context of the series of papers published in this Special Guest Editor Section addressing aspects of dietary amino acid utilization.

scholarly journals Estimation of the dietary essential amino acid requirements of colliroja Astyanax fasciatus by using the ideal protein concept

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-894
Author(s):  
Wilson Massamitu Furuya ◽  
Mariana Michelato ◽  
Ana Lúcia Salaro ◽  
Thais Pereira da Cruz ◽  
Valéria Rossetto Barriviera-Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Astyanax Fasciatus ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Ideal

Colliroja, Astyanax fasciatus, is a new aquaculture species, and information on its dietary essential amino acid requirements is lacking. The whole body composition of 120 farmed fish (16.2 ± 8.8 g) was determined to estimate the dietary essential amino acid requirement based on the ideal protein concept ((each essential amino acid/lysine) ×100), and the findings were correlated to the whole body essential amino acid content of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The dietary essential amino acids, including cysteine and tyrosine, accounted for 5.46, 4.62, 1.16, 3.28, 5.63, 2.01, 2.59, 2.84, 4.66, 3.39, 0.65, and 3.51% of the total protein for lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, methionine+tyrosine, phenylalanine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, respectively. There were positive linear and high correlations (r = 0.971) between the whole body amino acid profiles of colliroja and Nile tilapia. Thus, the whole body amino acid profile of colliroja might be used to estimate accurately the essential amino acid requirement.

scholarly journals Nutritional innovations on amino acids supplementation in Nile tilapia diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Massamitu Furuya ◽  
Valéria Rossetto Barriviera Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Fillet Yield ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The optimal dietary supply of amino acids to tilapia has been studied for many years. Nevertheless, a general agreement on the amino acid requirement for tilapias has not been established. In order to optimize efficiency and reduce surplus nitrogen, values of digestibility of each amino acid of feed must be considered. Due to variations in the amino acid requirement due to new tilapia strains introduction, continuous research on amino acid requirements is necessary to elaborate economical and environmental sustainability diets, also improving fish growth, efficiency and fillet yield. The concept of ideal protein in tilapia diets was introduced more than ten years ago, and new researches have shown the importance of protein and amino acids on fish performance and health, when tilapias are submitted to constant challenging from internal and external factors.

Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: protein

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Whittemore ◽  
D.M. Green ◽  
P.W. Knap
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.

scholarly journals Amino acid requirements in children and the elderly population

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S44-S49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja R. Pillai ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
A Value ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

The factorial approach is used to measure the dietary indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements in children, although recent measurements based on the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method have begun to generate more direct evidence. Difficulties with the factorial method are that it depends on accurate estimates of the maintenance protein requirement, as well as of protein deposition during growth. Also, a value for the efficiency of utilizing dietary protein for deposition has to be selected, based on published Nitrogen (N) balance studies. In the recent 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report, the amino acid requirement pattern for infants was taken to be similar to the amino acid composition of breast milk. For pre-school and older children, the factorial method gave values for the scoring pattern of protein that were fairly close to the earlier 1985 WHO/FAO/UNU report for children, since growth progressively became a smaller component of the factorial calculation as age progressed. However, given that there are several assumptions in the derivation of factorial estimates, direct experimental measurements of the amino acid requirement are desirable. The IAAO method, as it is non-invasive, as made it possible to measure the IAA requirements in children. Over the last decade, some of the IAA requirements have been determined by using the IAAO method in healthy school age children; however, the data on IAA requirements in developing country populations are still being conducted. In the elderly, there are not enough data to make a separate recommendation for IAA requirements from that of adults.

Amino acid requirements of staphylococci isolated from human skin

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill Emmett ◽  
Wesley E. Kloos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Amino acid requirements and auxotrophic reversion properties were determined for 823 Staphylococcus strains isolated from natural populations on human skin. Ten species of Staphylococcus exhibited distinct amino acid requirement patterns. Proline, arginine, and valine were the most frequently required amino acids for the genus Staphylococcus.

Dietary nitrogen utilisation and prediction of amino acid requirements in equids

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2057
Author(s):  
Nathalie L. Trottier ◽  
Luis O. Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Model Estimate ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
And Performance

The equine population represents an important sector of animal agriculture and, thus, contributes to environmental contamination. The horse industry lags behind other livestock industries in developing prediction models to estimate N and amino acid (AA) requirements aimed at precision feeding and management to optimise animal health and performance while mitigating nutrient excretion. Effective predictions of N utilisation and excretion are based on knowledge of ingredient protein quality and the determinants of N and AA requirements. Protein quality is evaluated on the basis of N and AA digestibility and AA composition. Amino acid composition of grains, pulses and oil seeds is extensive, but there is large deficit on that of forages. Several studies have reported on pre- and post-caecal N digestibility in horses, demonstrating that a large proportion of N from forages is metabolised post-caecally. Few have reported on AA digestibility. It is proposed that whole-tract (i.e. faecal) N and AA digestibility be used in evaluating feed-ingredient protein quality in equids to begin designing predictive models of N and AA requirements. Nitrogen gain and AA composition in deposited tissues and their corresponding efficiency of utilisation are the key determinants for a prediction model. We estimated that N utilisation for maintenance is 0.74. Maintenance requirements for N and AA were derived from faecal N and AA losses in horses and expressed as a function of dry-matter intake and from integument losses in swine. Relative to our factorial model, the NRC (2007) requirement for lysine and N is overestimated when based on a segmented curve and a breakpoint. When based on N equilibrium, lysine NRC (2007) requirement estimate agrees with our factorial model estimate, while N requirement is underestimated. The pool of AA profile used to express requirements of other essential AA has a large impact on requirement, as shown, in particular, for threonine. Threonine requirement based on faecal endogenous AA profile is higher than is lysine requirement for maintenance and lactation.

Human Amino Acid Requirements: A Re-Evaluation

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon R. Young ◽  
Antoine E. El-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

The most recent internationally stated estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult humans are those given in the 1985 report of the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements. In this review we present, in brief a number of scientific concerns and problems that lead us to conclude that these current recommendations for amino acid requirements are not valid and that the appropriate values are likely to be considerably higher. Following a short review of the C-labelled amino acid tracer studies carried out at the Massachusetts of Technology (MIT) and designed to reassess the requirements for specific indispensable amino acids, we focus particular attention on the lysine requirement in adults. When various criteria and methods are used to estimate this requirement, it appears that a cohesive body of data indicates the mean requirement value for lysine in healthy adults to be about 30 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/g protein. Although this value contrasts with the FAO/WHO/UNU value of 12 mg/kg/day or 16 ma/g protein, this new, tentative requirement value is consistent with findings from studies carried out earlier at MIT on the nutritional quality of wheat proteins. We propose that it would be prudent to apply the MIT amino acid requirement pattern (see Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1990;12:298–300), rather than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU adult amino acid requirement pattern, in the design and implementation of sound nutrition policies and programmes that include considerations of the amount and quality of the protein component of national and regional diets.

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