Amino acid requirements of staphylococci isolated from human skin

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill Emmett ◽  
Wesley E. Kloos
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Amino acid requirements and auxotrophic reversion properties were determined for 823 Staphylococcus strains isolated from natural populations on human skin. Ten species of Staphylococcus exhibited distinct amino acid requirement patterns. Proline, arginine, and valine were the most frequently required amino acids for the genus Staphylococcus.

scholarly journals Nutritional innovations on amino acids supplementation in Nile tilapia diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Massamitu Furuya ◽  
Valéria Rossetto Barriviera Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Fillet Yield ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The optimal dietary supply of amino acids to tilapia has been studied for many years. Nevertheless, a general agreement on the amino acid requirement for tilapias has not been established. In order to optimize efficiency and reduce surplus nitrogen, values of digestibility of each amino acid of feed must be considered. Due to variations in the amino acid requirement due to new tilapia strains introduction, continuous research on amino acid requirements is necessary to elaborate economical and environmental sustainability diets, also improving fish growth, efficiency and fillet yield. The concept of ideal protein in tilapia diets was introduced more than ten years ago, and new researches have shown the importance of protein and amino acids on fish performance and health, when tilapias are submitted to constant challenging from internal and external factors.

Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: protein

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Whittemore ◽  
D.M. Green ◽  
P.W. Knap
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.

The amino acid requirements of the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Himasthla leptosoma and of the sporocyst of Cercaria emasculans Pelseneer, 1900

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. M. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pools

Few workers have studied the amino acid requirement of larval Digenea in vivo. Cheng (1963) conducted a study of three species of parasites, each from a different host, and suggested that both free and bound host amino acids act as food sources. His assumptions are based on the disappearance of free amino acids from the sera of infected molluscs and the qualitative similarities between parasite and host with respect to both free and bound amino acids. Negus (1968), working on Turritella communis infected with the sporocysts of Cercaria doricha, described an almost identical qualitative composition of both the free amino acid pools and the hydrolysates of host gonad and parasite tissue. He was of the opinion that this was not coincidental. Considerable quantitative similarities between the free amino acids were also evident. Read, Rothman & Simmons (1963), in discussing cestode metabolism and membrane transport, proposed that it is the molar ratios of amino acids in the host which are important to the parasite and that the amino acid requirement may be more subtle than a simple need for certain components. Indeed, they suggest that this may form one basis for physiological host specificity.

Effect of Intraduodenal Starch Infusion on Net Portal Absorption of Amino Acids in Growing steers Fed Lucerne

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
C.J. Seal ◽  
D.S. Parker ◽  
J.C. MacRae ◽  
G.E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Glucose Availability

Amino acid requirements for energy metabolism and protein turnover within the gastrointestinal tract are substantial and may be met from luminal and arterial pools of amino acids. Several studies have demonstrated that the quantity of amino acids appearing in the portal blood does not balance apparent disappearance from the intestinal lumen and that changing diet or the availability of energy-yielding substrates to the gut tissues may influence the uptake of amino acids into the portal blood (Seal & Reynolds, 1993). For example, increased net absorption of amino acids was observed in animals receiving exogenous intraruminal propionate (Seal & Parker, 1991) and this was accompanied by changes in glucose utilisation by the gut tissues. In contrast, there was no apparent change in net uptake of [l-13C]-leucine into the portal vein of sheep receiving short term intraduodenal infusions of glucose (Piccioli Cappelli et al, 1993). This experiment was designed to further investigate the effects on amino acid absorption of changing glucose availability to the gut with short term (seven hours) or prolonged (three days) exposure to starch infused directly into the duodenum.

Amino acids in blood plasma and tissues of rats following glucose force-feeding

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Knipfel ◽  
H. G. Botting ◽  
F. J. Noel ◽  
J. M. McLaughlan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Administration ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Concentration Changes

Changes in plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations effected by force-feeding glucose to rats were studied in two experiments. Attempts were made to relate PAA concentration changes to amino acid requirements, previous diet, time after feeding glucose, and composition of several body proteins. Distribution of 14C-lysine between blood and tissues was examined in an additional rat experiment. Previous diet did not affect the relative quantities of amino acids removed from plasma (PAA removal pattern) after glucose force-feeding. Minimal PAA concentrations occurred by 40 min after glucose administration. The PAA removal pattern was not distinctly related to either amino acid requirements or to any particular body protein composition. Results of administering 14C-lysine simultaneously with glucose indicated that decreased plasma 14C-lysine levels were caused by increased tissue uptake of 14C, likely mediated by insulin. Muscle acted as the major recipient of 14C from plasma, with liver a lesser and more dynamic reservoir of 14C accumulation. Work is continuing to further clarify the significance of the PAA removal pattern, caused by the force-feeding of glucose.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Characteristics of Nigerian Local Cheese (‘Wara’)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adeyeye EI ◽  
◽  
Idowu OT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Better Than

This article reports the amino acid composition of the Nigerian local cheese called ‘wara’. ‘Wara’ is made by boiling cow milk with some added coagulant to cuddle the milk protein resulting in coagulated milk protein and whey. ‘Wara’ used to be an excellent source of nutrients such as proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. Samples were purchased in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Amino acid values were high (g/100g crude protein) in Leu, Asp, Glu, Pro, Phe, Arg with total value of 97.7. The quality parameters of the amino acids were: TEAA (42.6g/100g and 43.6%) whereas TNEAA (55.1g/100g and 56.4%); TArAA (12.8g/100g and 13.1%); TBAA (14.2g/100g and 14.5%); TSAA (3.10g/100g and 3.17%); %Cys in TSAA (51.4); Leu/Ile ratio (1.74); P-PER1 (2.65); P-PER2 (2.48); P-PER3 (2.41); EAAI1 (soybean standard) (1.29) and EAAI2 (egg standard) (99.9); BV (97.2) and Lys/Trp ratio (3.62). The statistical analysis of TEAA/TNEAA at r=0.01 was not significantly different. On the amino acid scores, Met was limiting (0.459) at egg comparison, Lys was limiting at both FAO/WHO [24] and preschool EAA requirements with respective values of 0.966 and 0.97. Estimates of essential amino acid requirements at ages 10-12 years (mg/kg/day) showed the ‘wara’ sample to be better than the standard by 3.72-330% with Lys (3.72%) being least better and Trp (330%) being most. The results showed that ‘wara’ is protein-condensed which can be eaten as raw cheese, flavoured snack, sandwich filling or fried cake.

scholarly journals Multiple Transmembrane Amino Acid Requirements Suggest a Highly Specific Interaction between the Bovine Papillomavirus E5 Oncoprotein and the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta Receptor

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 7976-7986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Nappi ◽  
Lisa M. Petti
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽  
Helical Conformation ◽  
Bovine Papillomavirus ◽  
E5 Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACT The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein activates the cellular platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) tyrosine kinase in a ligand-independent manner. Evidence suggests that the small transmembrane E5 protein homodimerizes and physically interacts with the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR, thereby inducing constitutive dimerization and activation of this receptor. Amino acids in the receptor previously found to be required for the PDGFβR-E5 interaction are a transmembrane Thr513 and a juxtamembrane Lys499. Here, we sought to determine if these are the only two receptor amino acids required for an interaction with the E5 protein. Substitution of large portions of the PDGFβR transmembrane domain indicated that additional amino acids in both the amino and carboxyl halves of the receptor transmembrane domain are required for a productive interaction with the E5 protein. Indeed, individual amino acid substitutions in the receptor transmembrane domain identified roles for the extracellular proximal transmembrane residues in the interaction. These data suggest that multiple amino acids within the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR are required for a stable interaction with the E5 protein. These may be involved in direct protein-protein contacts or may support the proper transmembrane alpha-helical conformation for optimal positioning of the primary amino acid requirements.

Plasma essential amino acids concentrations of early lactating Holstein dairy cows fed diet containing raw or roasted Iranian soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Forouzan Tabatabaie ◽  
Hassan Fathi ◽  
Mohsen Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Physical Treatments

Whole soybean has 40-42 percent CP and used as high energy-protein supplement for early lactation dairy cows. However, the protein is highly degradable, so small amounts of amino acids can be reached to small intestine to meet high amino acid requirements of early lactating cows. Therefore, various chemical and physical treatments have been suggested to decrease ruminal protein degradability of soybeans. The practical use and application of any one method to lower ruminal feed degradability is dependent not only on its efficacy but also on its cost effectiveness, safety and ease of application. For these reasons, heat treatment is the most commonly used physical method (Plegge et al., 1985). The purpose of this study was to determine how roasting of soybeans affect plasma essential amino acid concentrations in early lactation cows.

The amino acid requirements of pigs for maintenance and for growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 60-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Fuller ◽  
R. McWilliam ◽  
T.C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
Better Than

The optimal balance of amino acids in the diet of the growing pig was estimated by ARC (1981) on the basis of a number of disparate studies augmented by data on the amino acid composition of the whole body on the premise that the amino acids incorporated into accreted body proteins are the major determinant of requirements and that this pattern is not distorted by inequalities in the utilisation of individual amino acids. In an accompanying paper (Wang & Fuller, paper no. 91) an optimal pattern was derived by direct experiment which was shown to be utilised better than that described by ARC (1981). That pattern, however, which related to one particular rate of nitrogen input and the particular rate of protein accretion which that input supported, includes two components, a requirement for maintenance and a requirement for protein accretion. There is clear evidence from studies with rats and chicks that the optimal pattern of amino acids for maintenance and growth are quite different and so the optimal pattern for any particular rate of growth will depend on the relative contributions of the two components. The purpose of this experiment was to estimate both.

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