scholarly journals Relationship of dairy heifer reproduction with survival to first calving, milk yield and culling risk in the first lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1360-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Fodor ◽  
Zsolt Lang ◽  
László Ózsvári
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Relationship Of

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the associations of heifer reproductive performance with survival up to the first calving, first-lactation milk yield, and the probability of being culled within 50 days after first calving.Methods: Data from 33 large Holstein-Friesian commercial dairy herds were gathered from the official milk recording database in Hungary. The data of heifers first inseminated between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 were analyzed retrospectively, using Cox proportional hazards models, competing risks models, multivariate linear and logistic mixed-effects models.Results: Heifers (n = 35,128) with younger age at conception were more likely to remain in the herd until calving, and each additional month in age at conception increased culling risk by 5.1%. Season of birth was related to first-lactation milk yield (MY1; n = 19,931), with cows born in autumn having the highest milk production (p<0.001). The highest MY1 was achieved by heifers that first calved between 22.00 and 25.99 months of age. Heifers that calved in autumn had the highest MY1, whereas calving in summer was related to the lowest milk production (p<0.001). The risk of culling within 50 days in milk in first lactation (n = 21,225) increased along with first calving age, e.g. heifers that first calved after 30 months of age were 5.52-times more likely to be culled compared to heifers that calved before 22 months of age (p<0.001). Calving difficulty was related to higher culling risk in early lactation (p<0.001). Heifers that required caesarean section were 24.01-times more likely to leave the herd within 50 days after first calving compared to heifers that needed no assistance (p<0.001).Conclusion: Reproductive performance of replacement heifers is closely linked to longevity and milk production in dairy herds.

scholarly journals Abdominal Obesity in Comparison with General Obesity and Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis in Women

2020 ◽  
pp. jrheum.200056
Author(s):  
Nathalie E. Marchand ◽  
Jeffrey A. Sparks ◽  
Sara K. Tedeschi ◽  
Susan Malspeis ◽  
Karen H. Costenbader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Health Study ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Covariate Data ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Younger Age

Objective Being overweight or obese increases rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk among women, particularly among those diagnosed at a younger age. Abdominal obesity may contribute to systemic inflammation more than general obesity; thus, we investigated whether abdominal obesity, compared to general obesity, predicted RA risk in 2 prospective cohorts: the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Methods We followed 50,682 women (1986–2014) in NHS and 47,597 women (1993–2015) in NHS II, without RA at baseline. Waist circumference (WC), BMI, health outcomes, and covariate data were collected through biennial questionnaires. Incident RA cases and serologic status were identified by chart review. We examined the associations of WC and BMI with RA risk using time-varying Cox proportional hazards models. We repeated analyses restricted to age ≤ 55 years. Results During 28 years of follow-up, we identified 844 incident RA cases (527 NHS, 317 NHS II). Women with WC > 88 cm (35 in) had increased RA risk (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.41). A similar association was observed for seropositive RA, which was stronger among young and middle-aged women. Further adjustment for BMI attenuated the association to null. In contrast, BMI was associated with RA (HRBMI ≥ 30 vs < 25 1.33, 95% CI 1.05–1.68) and seropositive RA, even after adjusting for WC, and, as in WC analyses, this association was stronger among young and middle-aged women. Conclusion Abdominal obesity was associated with increased RA risk, particularly for seropositive RA, among young and middle-aged women; however, it did not independently contribute to RA risk beyond general obesity.

scholarly journals Eosinophil count and mortality risk in incident hemodialysis patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1042
Author(s):  
Duk-Hee Kang ◽  
Yuji Lee ◽  
Carola Ellen Kleine ◽  
Yong Kyu Lee ◽  
Christina Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Eosinophils are traditionally known as moderators of allergic reactions; however, they have now emerged as one of the principal immune-regulating cells as well as predictors of vascular disease and mortality in the general population. Although eosinophilia has been demonstrated in hemodialysis (HD) patients, associations of eosinophil count (EOC) and its changes with mortality in HD patients are still unknown. Methods In 107 506 incident HD patients treated by a large dialysis organization during 2007–11, we examined the relationships of baseline and time-varying EOC and its changes (ΔEOC) over the first 3 months with all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards models with three levels of hierarchical adjustment. Results Baseline median EOC was 231 (interquartile range 155–339) cells/μL and eosinophilia (&gt;350 cells/μL) was observed in 23.4% of patients. There was a gradual increase in EOC over time after HD initiation with a median ΔEOC of 5.1 (IQR −53–199) cells/μL, which did not parallel the changes in white blood cell count. In fully adjusted models, mortality risk was highest in subjects with lower baseline and time-varying EOC (&lt;100 cells/μL) and was also slightly higher in patients with higher levels (≥550 cells/μL), resulting in a reverse J-shaped relationship. The relationship of ΔEOC with all-cause mortality risk was also a reverse J-shape where both an increase and decrease exhibited a higher mortality risk. Conclusions Both lower and higher EOCs and changes in EOC over the first 3 months after HD initiation were associated with higher all-cause mortality in incident HD patients.

scholarly journals Trends in milk production, calving rate and survival of cows in 14 Irish dairy herds as a result of the introgression of Holstein-Friesian genes

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Evans ◽  
P. Dillon ◽  
F. Buckley ◽  
D. P. Berry ◽  
M. Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Parity Number ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Calving Rate

AbstractTrends in milk production, calving rates, and survival were monitored on a potential 5580 primiparous and multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows across 14 Irish seasonal spring-calving dairy farms between the years 1990 and 2001. Over this period calving rate to first service (CALV1) reduced by 0·96% per year (55 to 44%;P< 0·001), calving rate to first and second service (CALV12) reduced by 0·84% per year ( 77 to 70%;P< 0·001) and herd average parity number reduced by 0·10 lactation per year (4·3 to 3·5;P<0·001). The proportion of North American Holstein Friesian (NAHF) genes in the cows increased by 5·5% per year (8 to 63%;P<0·001), while pedigree index for milk yield (PIMILK) of the cows increased by 25 kg per year (P<0·001). The predicted difference of the sires of the cows for calving interval and survival increased by 0·5 days (P<0·001) and reduced by 0·12% (P<0·001) per year, respectively. A negative association was found between increased phenotypic milk yield, NAHF and PIMILKand reduced calving rates as assessed by CALV1 and CALV12. Increased proportion of NAHF genes exhibited a negative effect on survival (P<0·001) whereas increased levels of heterosis had a positive impact on survival (P<0·001). The results of the present study indicate that in seasonal calving herds in Ireland a need for direct selection on traits related to fertility and survival is required to arrest and reverse the declining trends in calving rates and survival.

scholarly journals Impact of frequency of milking on milk yield and fertility of Holstein cows undergoing extended lactations due to failure to conceive

2021 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Jesús Mellado ◽  
Jessica Flores ◽  
Francisco G. Véliz ◽  
Ángeles de Santiago ◽  
José E. García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Services Per Pregnancy

The objective of this observational study was to determine the effect of two (2x) compared to three (3x) times a day milking in Holstein cows undergoing lactations ≥600 d on milk production and reproductive performance. Two large adjacent commercial dairy herds with similar size, facilities, and management in a hot area of northern Mexico (25° N) were used. Cows in one herd (n= 214) were milked two times a day (2x), the other herd was milked three times a day (3x; n=245) and both groups were milked for at least 600 days. For cows in first lactation, total milk yield did not differ between 3x and 2x cows (19796 ± 3354 vs. 19269 ± 3652 kg; p > 0.10) in lactations with an average of 696 and 650 days in milk (DIM), respectively. Multiparous 3x cows produced more total milk days than 2x cows (20942 ± 3920 vs. 18910 ± 2632 kg; p < 0.01) with greater (p < 0.01) DIM for 3x (685 ± 117 days) than 2x (631 ± 88 days) cows. Lactation persistence was greater (p < 0.05) in 2x (62 ± 9%) than 3x (60 ± 10%) cows. Overall conception rate (CR) did not differ between 2x and 3x cows (53.3% vs. 49.8%) but 3x cows required one more service (p < 0.01) to get pregnant than 2x animals.  Given that average milk yield throughout the complete lactation did not differ between 2x (29.8 ± 2.0 kg) and 3x (29.3 ± 2.9 kg) cows, it was concluded that two-times-a-day milking is equally effective as three-times-a-day milking to attain acceptable milk yield in lactations over 600 days. However, reproductive performance based on first-service CR and services per pregnancy was negatively affected by three-times-a-day milking.

The effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on reproductive performance in seasonal-calving milk production systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Horan ◽  
J. F. Mee ◽  
M. Rath ◽  
P. O' Connor ◽  
P. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
North American ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractThree strains of Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows: high production North American (HP), high durability North American (HD) and New Zealand (NZ) were assigned, within strain, to one of three pasture-based feeding systems: Moorepark (MP), high concentrate (HC), and high stocking rate (HS). The effects of strain of HF, feeding system and parity on milk production, body condition score (BCS), live weight, energy balance and reproductive performance were studied using a repeated measures model with a factorial arrangement of strain ofHF and feeding systems. Associations between these variables and conception to first service (CONCEPT1), conception to first and second service (CONCEPTl_2), pregnancy rate at 6 weeks (PREG6) and overall pregnancy rate (PREG) were assessed using logistic regressions. When treatment means were compared, the NZ strain had a shorter gestation length and a higher CONCEPT1J2 than both the HP and HD strains. Similarly, the NZ strain had a higher PREG6 and PREG than the HP strain. Feeding system had no significant effect on reproductive performance. The HP strain had the highest milk yield at first AI and peak milk yield, the NZ strain had the lowest milk yield while the HD strain was intermediate. The energy balance of the NZ strain was higher than that of the HP and HD strains. The NZ strain had the lowest live weight and highest BCS; the HD strain had the highest live weight and the HP strain had the lowest BCS. The results show that dairy cows with superior genetic merit for fertility traits have better reproductive performance.

Effects of rearing regime on body size, reproductive performance and milk production during the first lactation in high genetic merit dairy herd replacements

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Carson ◽  
L. E. R. Dawson ◽  
M. A. McCoy ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score

AbstractOne hundred and thirteen high genetic merit Holstein-Friesian heifers were used in a study to determine the effect of rearing regime, in terms of diet offered and target calving weight, on body size, reproductive performance and milk production in high genetic merit heifers. Eighty of the heifers were supplied from 11 commercial farms, the remainder were supplied from the herd at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland. The heifers commenced the experiment at 7 weeks of age when they were allocated on the basis of source, live weight and genetic merit to one of four rearing regimes. The target weights at calving were 540 kg (treatment 1) and 620 kg (treatments 2, 3 and 4). Treatment 1 heifers were offered grass silage-based diets during the winter and grass-based diets during the summer. Treatment 2 heifers were offered the same forage base plus additional concentrate supplementation. Treatment 3 heifers were offered a straw/concentrate diet during the winter and grass-based diets during the summer. Treatment 4 heifers received the same diets as treatment 3, except for the first summer period when they remained housed and were offered a straw/concentrate diet. The heifers were mated at 14 months of age and were returned to the 11 source farms one month prior to calving. Heifers reared on treatment 1 had a lower withers height (P < 0·001) and were of a lower condition score (P < 0·001) before calving than heifers reared on treatments 2, 3 and 4. During early lactation (3 months post calving) heifers reared on treatment 1 lost less weight and condition score than the heifers reared on the other treatments. Thus at the end of the first lactation live weights did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, body length remained shorter (P < 0·01) in treatment 1 compared with treatments 2, 3 and 4. First lactation milk yield (305 days) was lower for heifers reared on treatment 1 (7222 l) compared with heifers reared on treatment 2 (8020 l) (P < 0·01), 3 (7956 l) (P < 0·01) and 4 (7901 l) (P < 0·05). Similarly, milk fat plus protein yield was lower (P < 0·05) for heifers reared on treatment 1 (511 kg) compared with treatments 2 (544 kg), 3 (544 kg) and 4 (554 kg). The interval from calving to first recorded oestrus was shorter in treatment 1 compared with treatments 2 and 3 (P < 0·05). There was a tendency (P < 0·10) for heifers reared on treatment 1 to have a shorter calving interval (394 days) compared with treatments 2 (426 days), 3 (435 days) and 4 (458 days). In conclusion increasing the live weight of Holstein-Friesian heifers at first calving from 540 to 620 kg pre-calving increased milk yield proportionally by 0·11 but tended to increase the calving interval. Diet type during the rearing period had no effect on milk fat plus protein yield or reproductive performance.

scholarly journals Activity Fractionation Moderates the Relationship of Gait Speed With Alzheimer’s Disease Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Yang An ◽  
Jennifer Schrack ◽  
Pei-Lun Kuo ◽  
Amal Wanigatunga ◽  
Eleanor Simonsick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Older adults with slow gait have a modestly elevated risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whether strategies to maintain function, such as interlacing periods of activity and rest, modify this relationship is unknown. We analyzed 577 initially cognitively normal participants aged 50+(53%women,26%Black) who had baseline data on gait speed and fractionation via ActiHeart. Diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD were adjudicated during an average 7.3years follow-up. We examined gait speed, fractionation, and their interaction with MCI/AD risk using Cox proportional-hazards models, adjusted for demographics and APOE-e4. Each 0.2m/sec faster gait speed was associated with 24% lower risk of MCI/AD(p=0.04). Fractionation was not associated with MCI/AD risk(p&gt;0.05). There was a significant gait*fractionation interaction(p=0.013). At high fractionation, gait was not predictive of MCI/AD. Slow gait speed is less predictive of future MCI/AD in individuals who fractionate their activity to maintain function, possibly indicating brain function that drives such compensatory strategy is still conserved.

Conditional survival probability of patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 284-284
Author(s):  
Mark Vikas Mishra ◽  
Colin Eamon Champ ◽  
Timothy Norman Showalter ◽  
Scott W. Keith ◽  
Pramila R. Anne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Conditional Survival ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Younger Age

284 Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate conditional survival (CS) probabilities for patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) amongst patients who have survived ≥1 more year(s) after diagnosis. Methods: Patients with resected PC from 1998-2008 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database. Data on patient, tumor and treatment characteristics were extracted. Overall survival (OS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate analysis (MVA) at different time points from survival was performed to determine independent prognostic factors associated with all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 4,883 patients with resected PC were identified. Fourteen percent of patients had Stage IA/B disease, 23% Stage IIA, 53% Stage IIB, and 2% Stage IIIA, and 6% with unknown stage. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival estimates for patients at diagnosis were 67%, 29%, and 21%, respectively. One, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities conditional upon number of years already survived are shown in table 1. Prognostic factors significantly correlated with improved OS at the time of diagnosis on MVA include: earlier stage, younger age, later year of diagnosis, white race, female gender, and residence in a high income district (p < 0.05). After already surviving 3 years following diagnosis, younger age was the only prognostic factor correlated with improved OS (p<0.05). Conclusions: CS estimates provide additional prognostic information that may be used to counsel PC patients on how their prognosis may change over time. Further research utilizing prospectively-collected data is warranted to help determine recommended follow-up intervals and benchmarks for future clinical trials. [Table: see text]

Comparison of milk production, mastitis, lameness and days to conception of Brown Swiss, Holstein and Holstein cross Brown Swiss dairy cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 86-86
Author(s):  
G Wellwood ◽  
J K Margerison
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Holstein Friesian

Mastitis is a complex disease causing inflammation of the udder, which has been estimated to cost the dairy farmer between £40-£117/cow per year (Stott et al., 2002). Economic loss occurs as a result of discarded milk, reduced milk yield and milk quality, increased vet costs and an increase in replacement costs. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of breed on the incidence of mastitis and somatic cell counts and milk production capabilities of Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss and Brown Swiss crossbred cows.

scholarly journals A semi-supervised approach for rapidly creating clinical biomarker phenotypes in the UK Biobank using different primary care EHR and clinical terminology systems

JAMIA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiros Denaxas ◽  
Anoop D Shah ◽  
Bilal A Mateen ◽  
Valerie Kuan ◽  
Jennifer K Quint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Objectives The UK Biobank (UKB) is making primary care electronic health records (EHRs) for 500 000 participants available for COVID-19-related research. Data are extracted from four sources, recorded using five clinical terminologies and stored in different schemas. The aims of our research were to: (a) develop a semi-supervised approach for bootstrapping EHR phenotyping algorithms in UKB EHR, and (b) to evaluate our approach by implementing and evaluating phenotypes for 31 common biomarkers. Materials and Methods We describe an algorithmic approach to phenotyping biomarkers in primary care EHR involving (a) bootstrapping definitions using existing phenotypes, (b) excluding generic, rare, or semantically distant terms, (c) forward-mapping terminology terms, (d) expert review, and (e) data extraction. We evaluated the phenotypes by assessing the ability to reproduce known epidemiological associations with all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards models. Results We created and evaluated phenotyping algorithms for 31 biomarkers many of which are directly related to COVID-19 complications, for example diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease. Our algorithm identified 1651 Read v2 and Clinical Terms Version 3 terms and automatically excluded 1228 terms. Clinical review excluded 103 terms and included 44 terms, resulting in 364 terms for data extraction (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.92). We extracted 38 190 682 events and identified 220 978 participants with at least one biomarker measured. Discussion and conclusion Bootstrapping phenotyping algorithms from similar EHR can potentially address pre-existing methodological concerns that undermine the outputs of biomarker discovery pipelines and provide research-quality phenotyping algorithms.

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