scholarly journals Effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro disappearance and gas production for feedlot cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Tagawa ◽  
Lucia Holtshausen ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Wen Zhu Yang ◽  
Karen Ann Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feedlot Cattle

Impact of a mixed culture of Lactobacillus casei and L. lactis on in vitro ruminal fermentation and the growth of feedlot steers fed barley-based diets

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baah ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
T A McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) poduct containing a mixed culture of Lactobacillus casei and L. lactis on in vitro ruminal fermentation of barley-grain/barley-silage-based backgrounding and finishing diets and on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle was evaluated during backgrounding (84 d) and finishing (140 d) of 100 Hereford × Angus steers (initial body weight = 280 ± 15.5 kg). The inclusion rates of DFM in the in vitro study were 4, 8, 12 and 16 million colony forming units (CFU) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) kg-1 DM of substrate. Total in vitro volatile fatty acids (VFA) production increased at 6 and 12 h of incubation (P < 0.01; linear response) when the backgrounding diet was supplemented with DFM. Dry matter digestibility and VFA production also increased (P < 0.05) during a 12-h fermentation of the finishing diet. Steers were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments that comprised feeding DFM tp provide 0 (control), 4 × 107, 8 × 107, or 12 × 107 CFU kg-1 diet DM. Average daily gain (ADG, kg) and feed efficiency (G:F; kg gain kg-1 DM consumed) of steers improved (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) as a result of feeding DFM during the backgrounding period, but not during the finishing period. Saleable meat and rib eye area decreased (P = 0.038, linear; and P = 0.041, quadratic) with DFM supplementation. The results indicated that supplementing barley-grain/barley-silage-based feedlot cattle diets with 12 × 107 CFU of the mixed culture of lactobacilli used in these studies could improve ruminal fermentation, ADG and G:F in backgrounding feedlot steers. However, supplementation during the finishing period may not be warranted in terms of growth performance and carcass characteristics. Differences in the microbial ecology of the intestinal tract as a result of differences in diet composition may account for the varied response between the backgrounding and finishing periods.Key words: Beef cattle, direct-fed microbial, growth performance, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, ruminal fermentation

The effect of silver nano-particles (Nanosilver) on in vitro gas production of barley grain and lucerne hay

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 188-188
Author(s):  
A Faramarzi-Garmroodi ◽  
M Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
H Jahani Azizabadi ◽  
A Vakili
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Intracellular Enzyme ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

It is generally believed that heavy metals react with proteins by combining the thiol (-SH) groups, which leads to the inactivation of the proteins (Cho et al., 2005). Silver nano-particles (Ag-NPs) are being used vastly as a strong anti-germ product. In general, Ag ions, which have antimicrobial activity, are used as an antibacterial agent. The antibacterial activity of Ag ions is inhibits intracellular enzyme activity (Cho et al., 2005). Therefore, the other possibility can be considered that remaining Ag ions in Ag-NPs solution or dissolved Ag ions might affect bacterial growth. Recently, dairy farmers have tended to apply this anti-bacterial for sanitization of the environment (as a disinfectant material) of animals. However, the environmental residual effect of this anti-bacterial on ruminant microbial activity is still questionable. In the present study, a gas production technique was applied in order to determine the effect of silver nano-particles on in vitro gas production of barley grain and lucerne hay.

Relative efficacy of inocula from rumen fluid or faecal solution for determining in vitro digestibility and gas production

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. El-Meadaway ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
M. S. Zaman ◽  
L. J. Yanke
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Cattle Faeces ◽  
Faecal Suspension

Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of substituting rumen fluid (RF) with faecal suspension (FS) as an inoculum for determination of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD, experiment 1) and gas production (exp. 2). Barley grain (BG), Persian clover (PC), alfalfa (ALF), bromegrass (BR) and barley straw (BS) were used to evaluate the efficacy of the two inocula. In exp. 1, IVDMD was determined using RF or FS containing 3, 6 and 9% fresh cattle faeces as inocula. Except for BS, IVDMD values obtained with either RF or FS containing 3% faeces were not different (P > 0.05). In contrast, FS containing 6 or 9% faeces resulted in lower (P < 0.05) IVDMD than those obtained with RF. Total VFA, butyric and valeric acids of in vitro supernatant were higher (P < 0.05) in RF than FS incubated buffers. Molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids were variable among feeds. Mean acetic:propionic ratio was similar (except for BG) for RF or FS. In exp. 2, substitution of RF with FS containing 6, 11 or 16% cattle faeces as inoculum generally resulted in an increased lag time for four feeds (PC was not included). The rate of gas production was lower when FS was used instead of RF for ALF and BR. For BG however, use of FS resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) rate of gas production than when RF was used. Total gas production values were similar within all the feeds regardless of the source of inoculum. In experiment 3, the relative size of the total and cellulolytic populations were higher for RF than for FS, with a greater diversity of genera of bacteria isolated from RF. Results from this study indicate that FS has the potential to be used instead of RF to obtain IVDMD and gas production for BG and forage hay but not for poor quality roughages such as BS. However, more research with FS is required to confirm these findings. Key words: IVDMD, gas production, rumen fluid, faecal suspension

Potential of walnut (Juglans regia) leave ethanolic extract to modify ruminal fermentation, microbial populations and mitigate methane emission

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189
Author(s):  
M. Sahebi Ala ◽  
R. Pirmohammadi ◽  
H. Khalilvandi-Behroozyar ◽  
E. Anassori
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

Series of in vitro trials were conducted to evaluate dose–response effects of walnut leaf ethanolic extract (WLEE) on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, mitigation of methane emission and acidosis prevention. The treatments were conducted according to a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design formulated to contain corn (corn-based diet, CBD) and barley grain (barley-based diet, BBD), or equal amounts of barley and corn (barley and corn diet, BCD), consisting of either basal diets alone (0) or basal diets with 250, 500, 750 or 1000 µL of WLEE (W0, W250, W500, W750 and W1000 respectively) per litre of buffered rumen fluid. Three fistulated cows fed diets containing alfalfa hay and concentrate mixes (same as the control diet) plus minerals and vitamins were used for collection of ruminal fluid. The asymptote of gas production and methane emission was decreased and lag time increased in a linear and quadratic manner with an increasing dose of WLEE (P &lt; 0.001). However, gas production rate reduced linearly as WLEE dose increased (P &lt; 0.001). Methane production was significantly reduced linearly (L) and quadratically (Q) when walnut ethanolic extract was increased from 250 to 1000 μL/L (L and Q; P &lt; 0.001). The addition of WLEE significantly altered the volatile fatty acid profile in comparison to control, reducing the molar proportion of acetate and increasing that of propionate (P &lt; 0.001), and also decreased the ammonia-N concentration (L, P &lt; 0.001). Dry-matter and organic-matter in vitro digestibility coefficients were negatively affected by WLEE supplementation (L and Q; P &lt; 0.001). Although anti-acidosis potential of WLEE was significantly lower than that of monensin, W1000 increased medium culture pH compared with uncontrolled acidosis and the lower doses of WLEE. The populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and R. albus were significantly reduced by WLEE, although to different magnitudes, depending on the corn and barley grain proportions in the diet. Results of the present study indicated that increasing addition levels of WLEE have noticeable effects on rumen microbial population and fermentation characteristics. It can be concluded that WLEE can potentially be used to manipulate ruminal fermentation patterns.

scholarly journals 100 Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and calcium- ammonium nitrate on in vitro fermentation of a high-concentrate substrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Miranda K Stotz ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Philip M Urso ◽  
Thomas G Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate

Abstract An experiment was performed to determine the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) on in vitro fermentation of a high-concentrate (87% concentrate, DM basis) substrate. Serum bottles containing 20 mL of a 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.2 g of substrate were incubated for 24 h. Four ruminally cannulated steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used as ruminal fluid donors and each donor was considered a block. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the following factors: BSS (0 or 0.33%, DM basis) and CAN (0 or 2.22%, DM basis). Treatments were made isonitrogenous with urea. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined in separate 100-mL centrifuge tubes. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of BSS, CAN, BSS × CAN, and the random effect of donor. An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for total gas production (TGP). When CAN was included, without BSS, TGP was increased (P < 0.01); however, the combination of CAN with BSS did not affect (P = 0.85) TGP when compared to the combination of urea and BSS. Ammonia-N tended (P = 0.10) to increase when CAN was used as N source rather than urea. In vitro OM digestibility (P > 0.23) and final pH (P > 0.66) of in vitro ruminal fermentation were not affected by treatments. A tendency (P = 0.06) for an interaction regarding the production of H2S was observed; however, there were no treatment mean differences (P > 0.28). The combination of CAN and BSS did not negatively affect in vitro fermentation parameters such as OM digestion and gas production; however, a reduction in H2S with the combination of BSS and CAN may indicate potential benefits of such feeding strategies for feedlot cattle.

scholarly journals Ferric citrate decreases ruminal hydrogen sulphide concentrations in feedlot cattle fed diets high in sulphate

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Drewnoski ◽  
Perry Doane ◽  
Stephanie L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ferric Citrate ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Ferric Ammonium

Dissimilatory reduction of sulphate by sulphate-reducing bacteria in the rumen produces sulphide, which can lead to a build-up of the toxic gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the rumen when increased concentrations of sulphate are consumed by ruminants. We hypothesised that adding ferric Fe would competitively inhibit ruminal sulphate reduction. The effects of five concentrations and two sources (ferric citrate or ferric ammonium citrate) of ferric Fe were examinedin vitro(n6 per treatment). Rumen fluid was collected from a steer that was adapted to a high-concentrate, high-sulphate diet (0·51 % S). The addition of either source of ferric Fe decreased (P< 0·01) H2S concentrations without affecting gas production (P= 0·38), fluid pH (P= 0·80) orin vitroDM digestibility (P= 0·38) after a 24 h incubation. Anin vivoexperiment was conducted using eight ruminally fistulated steers (543 (sem12) kg) in a replicated Latin square with four periods and four treatments. The treatments included a high-concentrate, high-sulphate control diet (0·46 % S) or the control diet plus ferric ammonium citrate at concentrations of 200, 300 or 400 mg Fe/kg diet DM. The inclusion of ferric Fe did not affect DM intake (P= 0·21). There was a linear (P< 0·01) decrease in the concentration of ruminal H2S as the addition of ferric Fe concentrations increased. Ferric citrate appears to be an effective way to decrease ruminal H2S concentrations, which could allow producers to safely increase the inclusion of ethanol co-products.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Y. Wei ◽  
Peixin X. Jiao ◽  
Trevor W. Alexander ◽  
Wen Zhu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is an abundant shrub plant in Canada and other places in the world. It is rich in antioxidants such as quercetin, gallic acid and tyrosol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting barley silage with ROD in high-forage (HF) or high-grain (HG) diets on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in ruminal batch cultures. The study was a randomized design with 2 media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) × 4 doses of ROD. An additional treatment of monensin and tylosin was added as a positive control for each pH level. The basic diet consisted of 60% barley silage and 40% barley grain for HF or 15% silage and 85% grain for HG diet. The barley silage was partly replaced with ROD at 0, 3, 6 or 12% in both diets (DM basis). Each diet was incubated for 24 h in culture bottles with three replicates for each treatment combination, and three runs on different days. The GP and DMD were greater (P<0.01) with media pH 6.5 vs. pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P<0.01) decreased at pH 5.8 with increasing levels of ROD. Increasing ROD levels also linearly (P<0.01) decreased total VFA concentration and the proportion of propionate, and increased (P<0.01) the acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) at pH 5.8. Compared to the antibiotic treatment, the inclusion of ROD resulted in lower (P<0.02) DMD at pH 5.8, and a greater (P<0.01) proportion of acetate but a lower (P<0.01) proportion of propionate. These results indicated that the DMD of diets and the fermentation pattern were adversely affected by ROD at pH 5.8. However, the increased A:P along with the decreased DMD at pH 5.8, suggested a lower impact on fibre digestion than on starch digestion by ROD. Feeding ROD may therefore potentially reduce the incidence of rumen acidosis resulting from feeding HG diets to ruminants by decreasing starch digestion in the rumen.

INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE OF CONCENTRATE ON RUMEN CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FEEDLOT BLOAT

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. HIRONAKA ◽  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. M. MCARTHUR ◽  
D. R. MCGREGOR ◽  
E. S. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Fine Particle Size

Some rumen characteristics associated with bloat were measured in identical twin cows fed diets of coarse and fine particle size (geometric mean particle size of 715 and 388 μ). A foamy condition developed in the rumen of all cows fed the fine diet and in one of those fed the coarse diet on the 2nd day of the experiment. In vitro gas production 1 h after feeding was 3.46 ml/h per g dry matter (DM) on fine feed and 2.35 ml/h per g DM on the coarse (P < 0.05). During the 1st week of feeding the pH value of rumen of cows fed the coarse diet was 4.86 and that of cows fed the fine diet was 4.75. During the 2nd week the pH of both were lower at 4.53 and 4.12 (P > 0.05). There was no difference in the numbers of Streptococcus bovis present in the rumen attributable to the particle size of the diet. The number of S. bovis increased with an increasing proportion of concentrate fed until the cows were changed to the all-concentrate diet, when numbers declined sharply to a low level. S. bovis does not appear to be a primary cause of feedlot bloat.

scholarly journals Reducing in vitro rumen methanogenesis for two contrasting diets using a series of inclusion rates of different additives

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O'Brien ◽  
A. Navarro-Villa ◽  
P. J. Purcell ◽  
T. M. Boland ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dose Dependent

Eleven individual additives were incubated with either perennial ryegrass or with grass silage+barley grain (50 : 50) and the in vitro methane output was assessed using the gas production technique (GPT). Additives were: fatty acids (lauric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids), halogenated methane analogues (bromoethanesulfonate and bromochloromethane), pyromellitic diimide, statins (mevastatin and lovastatin), a probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid (fumaric acid). Each additive was included at a range of concentrations. Effects on methane output per gram of feed dry matter (DM) incubated (CH4/DMi) and disappeared (CH4/DMd), as well as other fermentation variables, were evaluated after 24 h of incubation. The addition of increased concentrations of individual fatty acids, bromoethanesulfonate and pyromellitic diimide caused a dose-dependent decline in methane output (CH4/DMi, CH4/DMd), when incubated with either perennial ryegrass or grass silage+barley grain. No methane output was detected for either feed with the addition of ≥5 µM bromochloromethane. The statins were ineffective inhibitors of methane output regardless of feed type. For perennial ryegrass, S. cerevisiae caused a dose-dependent decline in CH4/DMd and fumaric acid a dose-dependent decline in CH4/DMi and CH4/DMd. The effectiveness of lauric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and bromoethanesulfonate to reduce methane output was more pronounced when incubated with grass silage+barley grain than with perennial ryegrass, and therefore the type of feed is an important component for any future in vitro and in vivo studies to be undertaken with these additives. Thus, incorporating different feed types in the initial in vitro screening protocols of all new additives is recommended.

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