scholarly journals Detection of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus from animal feed in Karnataka, India.

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. e2021017
Author(s):  
Pethannan Rajarajan ◽  
Katherin Sylvia ◽  
Malaiyarasa Pandian Periasamy ◽  
Maheswari Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Liquid Ammonia ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Ammonia Vapor ◽  
Karnataka State

Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogenic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and are responsible for contamination in animal feed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed in Karnataka state, India. The screening was performed by desiccated coconut agar and quantification of aflatoxin by liquid ammonia vapor test, TLC and ELISA. A total of 29 samples received from different places of Karnataka were analysed for aflatoxin B1. Out of 29 animal feed sample aflatoxin B1 detected in 12 samples representing 41.38% at average concentration of 288.50 μg/kg. Out of 42 isolates screened in animal feed, Aspergillus flavus was found to be in 86.2% and Aspergillus niger was 24.1%. It was observed that out of 42 isolates analyzed from animal feed, aflatoxin B1 was detected in 12 samples. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common contaminant and the method is more sensitive in screening and detection of aflatoxin B1 in the animal feed.

scholarly journals Vibrio gazogenes inhibits aflatoxin production through downregulation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus flavus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam L. Kandel ◽  
Rubaiya Jesmin ◽  
Brian M. Mack ◽  
Rajtilak Majumdar ◽  
Matthew K. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Control Samples

Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of oilseed crops such as maize, peanut, cottonseed, and tree nuts and produces carcinogenic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins during seed colonization. Aflatoxin contamination not only reduces the value of the produce but also is a health hazard to humans and animals. Previously, we observed inhibition of A. flavus aflatoxin biosynthesis upon exposure to the marine bacterium, Vibrio gazogenes (Vg). In this study, we used RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptional profiles of A. flavus treated with both live and heat-inactivated dead Vg and control samples. Fungal biomass, total accumulated aflatoxins, and expression profiles of genes constituting secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were determined at 24, 30, and 40 h after treatment. Statistically significant reductions in total aflatoxins were detected in Vg-treated samples as compared to control samples at 40 h. But no statistical difference in fungal biomass was observed upon these treatments. The Vg treatments were most effective on aflatoxin biosynthesis as was reflected in significant downregulation of majority of the genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster including the aflatoxin pathway regulator gene, aflR. Along with aflatoxin genes, we also observed significant downregulation in some other secondary metabolite gene clusters including cyclopiazonic acid and aflavarin, suggesting that the treatment may inhibit other secondary metabolites as well. Finally, a weighted gene correlation network analysis identified an upregulation of ten genes that were most strongly associated with Vg-dependent aflatoxin inhibition and provide a novel start-point in understanding the mechanisms that result in this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Determination of Aflatoxins in Feed by HPLC and PCR

2020 ◽  
pp. 315-323
Author(s):  
Areej Zuhair Azeez ◽  
Mrwa Thamer Hindi ◽  
Maha Muhamed Khudiar ◽  
Adel Saadi AL Saadi ◽  
Noor Ibrahim Khadim
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Endogenous Gene ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Food And Feed

The aim of this study is to identify aflatoxin secretion isolates in animal feeds by using HPLC and PCR  methods . In this study we collected fourty three samples of animal feed from different sites in Iraq (maize ,soybean ,sunflower grain ,barley grain, wheat). we isolated fungi  on potato dextrose agar, Aspergillus flavus  fungi was isolated from this samples  and identified the enzyme activities were tested for this isolate. The detection and determination for aflatoxin secretion of the isolates were done by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Twelve isolates shown Aflatoxin B1 secretion. Polymrease chain reaction ( PCR) technique is an alternative method to detect for Aspergillus spp. strains that secret aflatoxin by using specific primers( ITS1) endogenous gene for  Aspergillus flavus  and (ord , nor) genes  for aflatoxin B1 secreation, the PCR technique  considered to be an important role for safety and quality in industrial food and feed.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodities

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Rajarajan ◽  
K. M. Rajasekaran ◽  
N. K. Asha Devi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as draught. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature.The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2. In addition , aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxins, is widely recognized as the most potent hepato carcinogenic compound and along with other certain members of the group, possess additional toxic properties including mutagenicity, tetrogenicity, acute cellular toxicity and it suppresses the immune system. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed has gained global significance as a result of its deleterious effects on human as well as animal health. The marketability of food products is adversely affected by aflatoxin contamination.

Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn as Influenced by Relative Humidity and Kernel Germination

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Z. GUO ◽  
J. S. RUSSIN ◽  
R. L. BROWN ◽  
T. E. CLEVELAND ◽  
N. W. WIDSTROM
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fungus Growth

Kernels of corn population GT-MAS:gk, resistant to aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus, and susceptible Pioneer hybrid 3154 were tested for aflatoxin when incubated under different relative humidities (RH). High aflatoxin levels were not detected in either genotype at RH < 91%. Resistance in GT-MAS:gk was consistent across all RH levels (91 to 100%) at which significant aflatoxin accumulation was detected. Aflatoxin levels in GT-MAS:gk averaged about 98% less than those in susceptible Pioneer 3154, which suggests that storage of this or other genotypes with similar resistance mechanisms may be possible under moisture conditions less exacting than are required with susceptible hybrids. Results for fungus growth and sporulation ratings on kernel surfaces were similar to those for aflatoxin levels. When kernels of both genotypes were preincubated 3 days at 100% RH prior to inoculation with A. flavus, germination percentages increased to very high levels compared to those of kernels that were not preincubated. In preincubated kernels aflatoxin levels remained consistently low in GT-MAS:gk but decreased markedly (61%) in Pioneer 3154. When eight susceptible hybrids were evaluated for aflatoxin accumulation in preincubated kernels, seven of these supported significantly lower toxin levels than kernels not subjected to preincubation. Average reduction across hybrids was 83%, and reductions within hybrids ranged from 68 to 96%. Preincubated kernels of one susceptible hybrid (Deltapine G-4666) supported aflatoxin levels comparable to those in resistant GT-MAS:gk. Data suggest that an inhibitor of aflatoxin biosynthesis may be induced during kernel germination. Possible mechanisms for embryo effects on resistance to aflatoxin accumulation are discussed.

Effect of Laminarin on Aspergillus Flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 1168-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Bin Hu ◽  
Hong Bo Li ◽  
Jun Liang Sun ◽  
Jie Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mycelium Growth

Control of aflatoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem. Laminarin from Laminaria digitata is one kind of polysaccharides with multiple biological activities. In this paper, the inhibitory effects of Laminarin on the growth and toxin production of A. flavus was studied. The results indicated that 150 and 200 µg/mL of Laminarin ccould significantly inhibit the aflatoxin production in Sabouraud liquid medium (Sab), without affecting mycelium growth. In addition, the results also showed that certain concentration Laminaria could decrease the infection of peanut seeds by A. flavus as well as the contamination by aflatoxin B1.

scholarly journals Yield of promising lines of peanut and resistance to Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin, and foliar disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Joko Purnomo ◽  
Agustina Asri Rahmianna ◽  
Novita Nugrahaeni
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Condition ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Foliar Disease ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
New Cultivars

Peanut is a suitable media for Aspergillus flavus growth that produced secondary metabolite called aflatoxin. One strategy to obtain low A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination is growing resistant cultivar. The objective of research was to identify pod yields of genotypes and its resistance to A. flavus and foliar disease, and low aflatoxin contamination. The multi environmental trials were conducted at eight sites. The treatments were 10 promising lines, Kancil and Garuda Biga (check cultivars), and these were arranged in a RBD three replicates in each site. The genotypes were grown under optimal condition. The results indicated the average pod yield of nine lines were significantly 11.2-21.6% and 23.4-34.8% higher than those of Kancil and Garuda Biga, respectively. Despite highest pod productivity, G/GH502-00B-600-42-226-19 (3.09 tons) and Mj/G-00b-884-95-41 (3.06 tons) had higher score of foliar diseases than those of the check cultivars. Meanwhile MH/IC91278-99C-180-13-74 and LM/IC 87123-93-B-32 with 2.91 tons and 2.84 tons ha-1 had very low aflatoxin contamination (<0.5 ppb) and lower foliar diseases infection than those of check cultivars. MH/IC91278-99C-180-13-74 and LM/IC 87123-93-B-32 therefore were appropriate to be promoted as new cultivars with high pod yield, resistant to foliar disease and A. flavus, and low aflatoxin contamination.

scholarly journals Activity and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Effect of Indigenously Characterized Probiotic Lactobacilli against Aspergillus flavus—A Common Poultry Feed Contaminant

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimra Azeem ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz ◽  
Aftab Ahmad Anjum ◽  
Shagufta Saeed ◽  
Saba Sana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli

Aflatoxin contamination in human food and animal feed is a threat to public safety. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can be especially damaging to poultry production and consequently economic development of Pakistan. The present study assessed the in vitro binding of AFB1 by indigenously characterized probiotic lactobacilli. Six isolates (Lactobacillus gallinarum PDP 10, Lactobacillus reuetri FYP 38, Lactobacillus fermentum PDP 24, Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53, Lactobacillus paracasei PL 120, and Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149) were tested for activity against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus W-7.1 (AFB1 producer) by well diffusion assay. Only three isolates (PL 53, PL 120, and PL 149) had activity against A. flavus W-7.1. The ameliorative effect of these probiotic isolates on AFB1 production was determined by co-culturing fungus with lactobacilli for 12 days, followed by aflatoxin quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro AFB1 binding capacities of lactobacilli were determined by their incubation with a standard amount of AFB1 in phosphate buffer saline at 37 °C for 2 h. AFB1 binding capacities of isolates ranged from 28–65%. Four isolates (PDP 10, PDP 24, PL 120, and PL 149) also ceased aflatoxin production completely, whereas PL 53 showed 55% reduction in AFB1 production as compared to control. The present study demonstrated Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149 to be an effective candidate AFB1 binding agent against Aspergillus flavus. These findings further support the binding ability of lactic acid bacteria for dietary contaminants.

Behaviour of Aspergillus flavus in presence of Aspergillus niger during biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1

1990 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shantha ◽  
E. R. Rati ◽  
T. N. Bhavani Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1

scholarly journals Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts in Pune city

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3310
Author(s):  
Manasi Shailesh Deshmukh ◽  
Varsha Mahesh Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Estimate Prevalence ◽  
The City ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts is caused by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. In this study, the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in groundnuts has been assessed. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. They are known to cause hepatocellular toxicity. The aim of the study is to estimate prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts sold in the city of Pune and to assess the awareness about aflatoxin contamination amongst shopkeepers of selected shops/vendors.Methods: Sampling of groundnuts was conducted in 17 out of 144 administrative wards of Pune city. Hundred samples weighing 250g each were purchased from the randomly selected stores and transported in black polythene bags to The State Public Health Laboratory, Pune. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used by the laboratory to determine levels of aflatoxin B1. A pre-structured questionnaire was used for assessment of knowledge of aflatoxin contamination amongst vendors.Results: Out of 100 samples, four samples were contaminated with aflatoxin. However the maximum contamination was 0.6 parts per billion, which is well within the permissible limit of 30 parts per billion. Awareness of aflatoxin contamination amongst vendors was six percent. Ninety four percent of vendors were unaware of the concept of aflatoxin contamination.Conclusions: It is necessary to educate vendors, suppliers and handlers about the health hazards caused by this toxic fungus for the benefit of the average consumer. 

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