scholarly journals Til fjells med spade og graveskje. Et tilbakeblikk på de første vassdragsundersøkelsene og andre undersøkelser i sørnorske fjellstrøk

Viking ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmelin Martens
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Iron Extraction ◽  
The Many

The author took part in the first comprehensive investigations along the watercourses in the South Norwegian mountain areas from 1958 and onwards. She looks back on the many previously unknown archaeological sites she has taken part in discovering and excavating: Stone Age sites from the Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods, Medieval house-sites and farm complexes, and Iron Age and Medieval iron extraction sites. Some of the results are compared to knowledge and opinions prevalent in the time before 1958, and some important improvements in fieldwork practices are briefly mentioned. 

Frameworks for Europe’s Past

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Douglas Price
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth And Change ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Prehistoric Time

This book is about the prehistoric archaeology of Europe—the lives and deaths of peoples and cultures—about how we became human; the rise of hunters; the birth and growth of society; the emergence of art; the beginnings of agriculture, villages, towns and cities, wars and conquest, peace and trade—the plans and ideas, achievements and failures, of our ancestors across hundreds of thousands of years. It is a story of humanity on planet Earth. It’s also about the study of the past—how archaeologists have dug into the ground, uncovered the remaining traces of these ancient peoples, and begun to make sense of that past through painstaking detective work. This book is about prehistoric societies from the Stone Age into the Iron Age. The story of European prehistory is one of spectacular growth and change. It begins more than a million years ago with the first inhabitants. The endpoint of this journey through the continent’s past is marked by the emergence of the literate societies of classical Greece and Rome. Because of a long history of archaeological research and the richness of the prehistoric remains, we know more about the past of Europe than almost anywhere else. The prehistory of Europe is, in fact, one model of the evolution of society, from small groups of early human ancestors to bands of huntergatherers, through the arrival of the first farmers to the emergence of hierarchical societies and powerful states in the Bronze and Iron Ages. The chapters of our story are the major ages of prehistoric time (Stone, Bronze, and Iron). The content involves the places, events, and changes of those ages from ancient to more recent times. The focus of the chapters is on exceptional archaeological sites that provide the background for much of this story. Before we can begin, however, it is essential to review the larger context in which these developments took place. This chapter is concerned with the time and space setting of the archaeology of Europe.

New radiocarbon dates for Eastern and Southern Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa

This article is a follow-up to that of Mr D. W. Phillipson published in this Journal in 1970, and to the six earlier lists compiled for the whole of sub-Saharan Africa by Dr B. M. Fagan. I have endeavoured to include here all radiocarbon dates for archaeological sites of the Iron Age and most of those of the end of the Stone Age in the eastern and southern part of Africa—that is from Ethiopia, the Upper Nile and the Congo Basin southward—which have been published or made available since the preparation of the former articles. Some of these dates are already included in recent numbers of the Journal Radiocarbon, or have been mentioned in publications elsewhere, as indicated in the footnotes. A large proportion of these new dates, however, have not yet been published, and are included here through the agreement of the various individual archaeologists and research bodies, all of whom I wish to thank for their cooperation. In particular, I am indebted to Mr David Phillipson for his willing assistance in providing a number of contacts and relaying information from southern Africa.

scholarly journals Mixture model of pottery decorations from Lake Chad Basin archaeological sites reveals ancient segregation patterns

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1827) ◽  
pp. 20152824
Author(s):  
John D. O'Brien ◽  
Kathryn Lin ◽  
Scott MacEachern
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
Chad Basin ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Lake Chad Basin ◽  
The Many

We present a new statistical approach to analysing an extremely common archaeological data type—potsherds—that infers the structure of cultural relationships across a set of excavation units (EUs). This method, applied to data from a set of complex, culturally heterogeneous sites around the Mandara mountains in the Lake Chad Basin, helps elucidate cultural succession through the Neolithic and Iron Age. We show how the approach can be integrated with radiocarbon dates to provide detailed portraits of cultural dynamics and deposition patterns within single EUs. In this context, the analysis supports ancient cultural segregation analogous to historical ethnolinguistic patterning in the region. We conclude with a discussion of the many possible model extensions using other archaeological data types.

The Prehistoric Sequence at Nakapapula Rockshelter, Zambia

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 172-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Late Stone Age ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Considerable attention has recently been paid to the start of the Iron Age in East and Central Africa. One of the most interesting problems concerning this period is that of the relationship of the Early Iron Age farming people to the hunter-gatherers of the Late Stone Age whom they eventually displaced. Very few archaeological sites are known, and none have yet been published, which illustrate the Late Stone Age/Iron Age transition in Central Africa, and discussions of this and related problems have so far been largely based on conjecture. Evidence concerning this important transition was recently unearthed at Nakapapula rockshelter in the Serenje District of central Zambia. Here a long and relatively homogeneous Late Stone Age sequence of Nachikufan type was seen to continue into the 2nd millennium A.D., that is, well after the first appearance of Early Iron Age pottery at this site and elsewhere in Zambia. Nakapapula has also yielded the first archaeological evidence for the date of schematic rock art in Central Africa and confirmed its contemporaneity with the Early Iron Age.

The Eastern Baltic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
South West ◽  
The Baltic

This chapter examines Iron Age funerary and domestic archaeological sites, and economic and cultural developments from c.500 BC–AD 550/600, in the east Baltic region (present day Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). While the early pre-Roman Iron Age was to some extent a continuation of the late Bronze Age in material culture terms, many changes took place in the late pre-Roman Iron Age. At the change of era, new cultural trends spread over the east Baltic region, from the south-eastern shore of the Baltic to south-west Finland, which produced a remarkable unification of material culture over this entire region up to the Migration period. Differences in burial practices and ceramics, however, indicate the existence of two distinct ethnic groups, Proto-Finnic in the northern part of the region and Proto-Baltic to the south. Subsistence was based principally on agriculture and stock rearing, with minor variations in the economic orientation of different areas.

Cultural and Economic Type and Archaeological Appearance of the Cimmerians (a Brief Historiographical Review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sergei B. Valchak
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Russian Language

The article discusses various opinions related to the solution of the “Cimmerian problem”, set out in the Russian-language scientific literature in the period of the XX-beginning of the XXI centuries. Special attention is paid to the historiography of the question of the cultural and economic type of the Cimmerians and the approach of various researchers to its definition. The author also considers the question of the material culture of the Cimmerians and the archaeological sites associated with them, their interpretations and various hypotheses proposed at different times by researchers of the archeology of the Early Iron Age, chronological concepts. The author supports the hypothesis of T.M. Kuznetsova about the insufficient argumentation of the statement about the Cimmerians-nomads and the hypothesis of V.R. Erlikh about the identification with the Cimmerians of archaeological sites of the classical Novocherkassk stage of the pre-Scythian period, which is characterized by a peculiar and massive complex of horse equipment and weapons of soldiers-riders. In a wide chronological range, these sites can be dated no earlier than the last quarter of the 8th, and probably no later than the middle of the 7th century BC. The horizon of the few monuments of the “Jabotinsky type” in the south of Eastern Europe, which does not have a local substrate, is considered to belong to the early Scythians no earlier than the end of the first quarter of the 7th century, before the beginning of their cam-paigns in Transcaucasia, the countries of Near Asia in the 7th century BC.

Select Archaeological Discoveries from Transjordan with Significance for Biblical Studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-444
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Mattingly
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The South ◽  
Jordan River ◽  
The North

When one thinks of archaeological sites related to biblical studies, one usually thinks immediately of sites in the modern nation of Israel, sites west of the Jordan River. Yet there are also many significant sites related to biblical studies east of the Jordan. This article focuses on ten such sites in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The sites range chronologically from the Early Bronze site of Bab edh-Dhra‘ to the modern capital of Amman which also has Iron Age and Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine and later Islamic remains. The sites cross Jordan from the Nabatean Petra in the south to the Cities of the Decapolis near the Syrian border in the north. They include the well-known and famous, Petra, “half as old as time itself,” and the unfamiliar and relatively unknown Umm ar-Resas, Khirbat an-Nahas, and Khirbat as-Sil. Also included are the ancient Moabite capital of Dibon/Dhiban, Madaba, and Tell Deir”Alla.

scholarly journals Stone Age Archaeological Sites in the Landscape. Monumentalisation of Sites on the South Korea Example

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-224
Author(s):  
Marcel Bartczak
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The South ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rapid Industrialization

The aim of the article is to show selected ways of presenting Stone Age archaeological sites in the landscape. The forms of prehistoric archaeological sites monumentalisation in South Korea served as an example here. Displaying Stone Age sites in the landscape is popular in Korea, especially where no remains of former human activity visible in the landscape have been preserved. Establishing reserves, museums and monuments nearby an explored archaeological site is very important for the majority of stakeholders in South Korea. Patriotic factor plays an important role here as for the society in general getting to know the oldest history of the Korean Peninsula is very important, due to the people’s attachment to their tradition and culture. The sites described in this article are among the best-known by the researchers and the general public in South Korea. The Sorori site, showing first attempts at rice domestication, was discovered thanks to site prospection carried out before the construction of an industrial complex. The Suyanggae site is the biggest Palaeolithic flint workshop located in the Korean Peninsula, discovered during the rescue excavations connected with construction of a dam on the South Han River. The Jeongok site – one of the most important sites in Eastern Asia due to the discovery of the first Acheulian-type handaxe outside the borders of the Movius line – was accidentally discovered by an American pilot from the nearby military base. All three sites of prehistoric human activity are very important for the world of science as well as for entities responsible for the protection of cultural heritage, being a model for ways of managing museums, reserves, and culture parks established at excavation sites. What is more, in the article a short presentation of developing rescue archaeology is provided, related to rapid industrialization of South Korea.

Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Hodgskiss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Middle Stone Age ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many ◽  
Shed Light

The term “ochre” has many meanings: a colored stone, a pigment, sunscreen, a curiosity item, a mustard hue, or even an object used for ritual. Ochre found at archaeological sites is described as a range of earthy, ferruginous rocks with red–yellow–purple streaks. The use of ochre in the past has proven valuable for interpreting not only cognitive capabilities of its users but also for its potential to shed light on behavioral and social factors. The late Pleistocene, and specifically the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa, is a time of significant behavioral and cognitive advances for Homo sapiens—this coincides with the habitual use of ochre. By looking at the collection and use of ochre in the African Middle Stone Age, placed within a global and temporal context, important behavioral conclusions can be made. Ochre has many potential uses, making interpretations of ochre use in the past complicated. Ethnographic and modern analogies are considered as well as the experimental work that has been produced by numerous researchers. All accounts have deepened our understanding of the many ways that ochre may have been used in the distant past. It is likely that both its color and mineralogical content dictated its use in the past.

The Occupation of Sandown Park, Esher, during the Stone Age, the Early Iron Age, and the Anglo-Saxon Period

1947 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. T. Burchell ◽  
Sheppard Frere
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Tree ◽  
The Hill

The advent of the recent war put a complete stop to those archaeological investigations which were either in hand or for which plans had already been made.Nevertheless, it is true to say that, as a direct result of the war, many archaeological sites were discovered and excavated which otherwise would have remained unnoticed or undug. A good example of such a case is afforded in the present instance.Peace-time racegoers are well familiar with the large tree-clad hill which dominates the course at Sandown Park, Esher, and is known as the Warren. This hill is flat-topped and rises steeply more than 100 ft. above the river Mole, having its highest point at 165 ft. above O.D. (fig. I).The core of the hill is composed of Bagshot Sand and, as a consequence, erosion has had a free hand in the past whenever the cloak of vegetation has been absent. The topmost portion of the hill still retains a thin veneer of Plateau Gravel amounting, in places, to 2 ft. 6 in. in thickness.The timber and undergrowth which to-day cover the whole of the hill and the entire absence of any surface indications made the area seem a most unprofitable site to dig into.

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