scholarly journals Getting value today and incentivising for the future: Pharmaceutical development and healthcare policies

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Kasper Munk Johannesen ◽  
Martin Henriksson
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
International Reference ◽  
Reference Pricing ◽  
Clinical Practise ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structured Approach

To manage the challenge of limited healthcare resources and unlimited demand for healthcare, decision makers utilise a variety of demand side policies, such as health technology appraisals and international reference pricing to regulate price and utilisation. By controlling price and utilisation demand side policies determine the earnings potential, and hence the incentives to invest in research and development (R&D) of new technologies. However, the impact of demand side policies on R&D incentives is seldom formally assessed.Based on the key assumption that intellectual property rights, i.e. patents, and expected rent are key drivers of pharmaceutical R&D, this work outlines a framework illustrating the link between demand side policies and pharmaceutical R&D incentives. By analysing how policies impact expected rent and consumer surplus, the framework is used to understand how commonly used demand side policies (including timing and length of reimbursement process, international reference pricing, parallel trade, and sequential adoption into clinical practice) may influence R&D incentives.The analysis demonstrates that delayed reimbursement decisions as well as sequential adoption into clinical practise may in fact reduce both expected rent and consumer surplus. It is also demonstrated how international reference pricing is likely to increase consumer surplus at the expense of lower rent and thus lower R&D incentives.Although this work illustrates the importance of considering how demand side policies may impact long-term R&D incentives, it is important to note that the purpose has not been to prescribe which demand side policies should be utilised or how. Rather, the main contribution is to illustrate the need for a structured approach to the analysis of the complex, and at times highly politicised question of how demand side policies ultimately influence population health, both in the short and in the long term. 

scholarly journals Imaginary Worlds: The Status of Simulation Modeling in Claims for Cost-Effectiveness In Diabetes Mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C Langley ◽  
Taeho Greg Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Over the past 20 years a number of simulations or models have been developed as a basis for tracking and evaluating the impact of pharmacological and other interventions in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These models have typically tracked the natural course of these diseases generating long-term composite claims for cost-effectiveness. These claims can extend over the lifetime of the modeled patient cohort. Set against the standards of normal science, however, these claims lack credibility. The claims presented are all too often either immune to failure or are presented in a form that is non-testable. As such they fail to meet the key experimental requirements of falsification and replication. Unfortunately, there is a continuing belief that long-term or lifetime models are essential to decision-making. This is misplaced. The purpose of this review is to argue that there is a pressing need to reconsider the needs of health system decision makers and focus on modeled or simulated claims that are meaningful, testable, reportable and replicable in evaluating interventions in diabetes mellitus.   Type: Commentary

Linking Scientific Research to Development Agenda

2018 ◽  
pp. 374-391
Author(s):  
P. K. Kenabatho ◽  
B. P. Parida ◽  
B. Matlhodi ◽  
D.B. Moalafhi
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the scientific community has been urged to undertake research that can immediately have impact on development issues, including national policies, strategies, and people's livelihoods, among others. While this is a fair call from decision makers, it should also be realized that science by nature is about innovation, discovery and knowledge generation. In this context, there is need for a balance between long term scientific investigations and short term scientific applications. With regard to the former, researchers spend years investigating (or need data of sufficient record length) to provide sound and reliable solutions to a problem at hand while in the latter, it is possible to reach a solution with few selected analyses. In all cases, it is advisable that researchers, where possible should link their studies to topical development issues in their case studies. In this paper, we use a hydrometeorological project in the Notwane catchment, Botswana, to show the importance of linking research to development agenda for mutual benefit of researchers and policy makers. The results indicate that some key development issues are being addressed by the Project and the scope exists to improve the impact of the project.

scholarly journals The impact of information technology in decision making process of companies in Kosovo

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Emin Qerim Neziraj ◽  
Aferdita Berisha Shaqiri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Business Process ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Future Business

Before the decision makers set much higher requirements in the decision-making than ever before due to the environment of decision-makers subject to change under the influence of progress and development of new technologies, networking individual or organization inside and the outside environment, and modern means of communication enabling continuous inflow, flow and sharing of data and information. In these modern conditions the process of collecting, analyzing, selecting data and information to make informed decisions in the context of possible restrictions and the available options, and ultimately making decisions as the basis for future business or behavior, is not simplified. The use of new technologies in the decision-making process provided numerous opportunities to facilitate decisions selection. However, the decision maker should still be able to differentiate which knowledge should be used to serve in decision making, and which models, methods, tools, systems, and procedures to be used in certain situations, with the purpose of successful decision selection. In this paper, we will examine the decision making process during the business process of the companies in Kosovo.

scholarly journals Sharing hospital-based health technology assessments internationally

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Marchetti ◽  
S Daugbjerg
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

Abstract Issue/problem National healthcare systems worldwide are at a critical point due to the fiscal sustainability challenges faced. At the same time, healthcare systems are under pressure to meet the global demand for adaptation of medical innovations arriving into the market persistently. Description of the problem Hospitals often serve as the entry point for new technologies to the healthcare system. It is therefore extremely important that Health Technology Assessments (HTA) are available in timely order to accurately inform decision-makers on both short- and long-term effects of a health technology to avoid inappropriate investments. Hospital based HTA (HB-HTA) was developed to accommodate the need for evidence-based hospital-specific information in a timely manner. A substantial increase in the use of HB-HTA has been observed in the last years. However, only few reports are being published. A database for the structured collection of HB-HTA reports could help the dissemination and collaboration between hospitals. Effects/changes A survey answered by an international group of experts knowledgeable in HB-HTA from eighteen different countries has showed that there is an interest to realize the collection and dissemination of HB-HTA reports on an international scale. However, confidentiality and resources for a database are barriers for the dissemination of HB-HTA reports. The challenge will therefore be to overcome these barriers and design a database containing high quality, comparable and complete HB-HTA reports with proper data security, regular maintenance and user support. Lessons International collaboration in HB-HTA is the key to timely inform decision-makers without compromising the quality of the data or the methodology.

scholarly journals Long-term Annual Aerial Surveys of Submersed Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Support Science, Management, and Restoration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Orth ◽  
William C. Dennison ◽  
Cassie Gurbisz ◽  
Michael Hannam ◽  
Jeni Keisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Submersed Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aerial surveys of coastal habitats can uniquely inform the science and management of shallow, coastal zones, and when repeated annually, they reveal changes that are otherwise difficult to assess from ground-based surveys. This paper reviews the utility of a long-term (1984–present) annual aerial monitoring program for submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Chesapeake Bay, its tidal tributaries, and nearby Atlantic coastal bays, USA. We present a series of applications that highlight the program’s importance in assessing anthropogenic impacts, gauging water quality status and trends, establishing and evaluating restoration goals, and understanding the impact of commercial fishing practices on benthic habitats. These examples demonstrate how periodically quantifying coverage of this important foundational habitat answers basic research questions locally, as well as globally, and provides essential information to resource managers. New technologies are enabling more frequent and accurate aerial surveys at greater spatial resolution and lower cost. These advances will support efforts to extend the applications described here to similar issues in other areas.

scholarly journals Yet another lockdown? A large-scale study on people's unwillingness to be confined during the first 5 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Alejandro Rabasa ◽  
Xavier Barber ◽  
Kristina Polotskaya ◽  
Kristof Roomp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Impact

Population confinements have been one of the most widely adopted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented by governments across the globe to help contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While confinement measures have been proven to be effective to reduce the number of infections, they entail significant economic and social costs. Thus, different policy makers and social groups have exhibited varying levels of acceptance of this type of measures. In this context, understanding the factors that determine the willingness of individuals to be confined during a pandemic is of paramount importance, particularly, to policy and decision-makers. In this paper, we study the factors that influence the unwillingness to be confined during the COVID-19 pandemic by means of a large-scale, online population survey deployed in Spain. We apply both quantitative (logistic regression) and qualitative (automatic pattern discovery) methods and consider socio-demographic, economic and psychological factors, together with the 14-day cumulative incidence per 100,000 inhabitants. Our analysis of 109,515 answers to the survey covers data spanning over a 5-month time period to shed light on the impact of the passage of time. We find evidence of pandemic fatigue as the percentage of those who report an unwillingness to be in confinement increases over time; we identify significant gender differences, with women being generally less likely than men to be able to sustain long-term confinement of at least 6 months; we uncover that the psychological impact was the most important factor to determine the willingness to be in confinement at the beginning of the pandemic, to be replaced by the economic impact as the most important variable towards the end of our period of study. Our results highlight the need to design gender and age specific public policies, to implement psychological and economic support programs and to address the evident pandemic fatigue as the success of potential future confinements will depend on the population's willingness to comply with them.

scholarly journals The impact of tourist flows on the sustainable development of a tourist destination

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (4) ◽  
pp. 042031
Author(s):  
A Kopyrin ◽  
E Vidishcheva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The development of the economy’s tourism sector is one of the priority tasks set by the leadership of the Krasnodar Territory and Russian Federation. Thus, the construction of a model of the impact of tourist flows on the sustainability of the destination is very relevant. The authors developed a simulation model of the impact of tourist flows on the sustainable development of destination. The weighted net savings indicator was used as a measure of sustainability. This model can be further used in predicting the development of the studied sector of the economy. Using the developed tool for medium- and long-term planning will provide additional data to decision makers, reducing uncertainty, and thus improving the quality of management. The accuracy of the model is based entirely on publicly available statistics and expert assessments.

Strategic Development of a Decision Making Support System in a Public R&D Center

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Escobar-Toledo ◽  
Héctor A. Martínez-Berumen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Organizational Functions ◽  
Transition Plan ◽  
Reliable Methods

Decision making in new technologies is a crucial activity to raise competitiveness, especially for technology organizations. The decision-making process requires the use of information technology tools, since the information amount is large and requires reliable methods for collecting, accessing, storing, processing, distributing, and evaluating, in order to provide reliable information to decision makers. The strategy of an organization must take into account the integration of this aspect with other organizational functions. This paper presents a proposal to integrate new elements into the IT strategy, considering the interactions with other organizational functions, defining an implementation and transition plan that takes into account the organization dynamics, which has limited resources and, therefore, requires a gradual and long term transition plan. This paper refers as case study to a Mexican Public R&D Center, which has re-engineered its operating model with a systems approach.

scholarly journals La gestion de l'incertitude dans une organisation internationale : le cas de I'OACI

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
François-Pierre Le Scouarnec
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Special Unit ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
The Impact

A typology of uncertainty reveals three dimensions: probability, vagueness, and ambiguity. At the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), terrorism has appeared as a threat to the agency's mandate, which is to ensure the harmonious development of civil air transportation. Faced with the probability that a terrorist act may occur, decision-makers in the international civil aviation System have developed an array of institutional responses. In the area of law, several instruments were created as the impact of events and techniques used by terrorists developed. In the area of management, the ICAO created a special unit reporting directly to the Secretary General and reviewed technical standards and procedures for aviation personnel. While new technologies were being deployed to reduce the probability of an illicit act, political responses were elaborated : use of the UN Secretary-Generalship, politicization of the ICAO Council, and international cooperation in the fight against terrorism. Uncertainty can be a vector of organizational development. Perception of uncertainty and the actions it brings about belong to afield of analysis of interest to the school of epistemics.

scholarly journals Switch-out and switch-in: What motivates the decision makers in Italian occupational pension funds?

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Andrea Lippi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
The Impact

To switch presumes two kinds of transactions carried out by the same person: on the one hand, the decision to exit an investment line (switch-out) and, on the other hand, the decision to enter into a new investment line (switch-in). What motivates the decision makers? This paper, considering a sample of Italian occupational pension funds, investigates the impact of short-term and long-term performance on the switch decision process and whether the same performance can lead investors to make opposite switch decisions. Some irrational behaviors are identified.

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