scholarly journals Measles Transmission Model with Vaccination and Hospitalization Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Abadi Abadi ◽  
Muhammad Fakhruddin ◽  
Rudianto Artiono ◽  
Budi Priyo Prawoto
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Reproduction Ratio ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Implementation Program ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
City Policy ◽  
The City

Measles (Rubeola) as one of notifiable diseases gets serious concern worldwide since it was first found in ninth century. The implementation of vaccines for controlling measles transmission since 1963 up to nowadays requires various studies regarding the effectiveness of the vaccines. Studies in the area of mathematical modeling of measles virus transmission has been done by many authors. This study intended to propose a model of measles virus transmission that also considered hospitalization as a complementary treatment for vaccination implementation program. The model is an SIHR model that divided the population into Susceptibles (S), Infectives (I), Hospitalized (H), and Recovered (R). The analysis started with determining the the equilibria and their stability based on the value of Basic Reproduction Ratio (R0). The analitical results were implemented to recorded data of measles of Jakarta, Indonesia in 2017 for numerical simulation. The simulation result said that hospitalization for measles patients in Jakarta escalates the effectiveness of vaccination program being implemented in the city. This can be considered by the city policy makers for giving more concern on hospitalizing measles-infected patients.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lourenço ◽  
M Maia de Lima ◽  
NR Faria ◽  
A Walker ◽  
MUG Kraemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The City

AbstractZika has emerged as a global public health concern. Although its rapid geographic expansion can be attributed to the success of its Aedes mosquito vectors, local epidemiological drivers are still poorly understood. The city of Feira de Santana played a pivotal role in the early phases of the Chikungunya and Zika epidemics in Brazil. Here, using a climate-driven transmission model, we show that low Zika observation rates and a high vectorial capacity in this region were responsible for a high attack rate during the 2015 outbreak and the subsequent decline in cases in 2016, when the epidemic was peaking in the rest of the country. Our projections indicate that the balance between the loss of herd-immunity and the frequency of viral re-importation will dictate the transmission potential of Zika in this region in the near future. Sporadic outbreaks are expected but unlikely to be detected under current surveillance systems.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

What Makes a City Bikeable? A Study of Intercity and Intracity Patterns of Bicycle Ridership using Mobike Big Data Records

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Ying Long ◽  
Jianting Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rating System ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The City

This paper examines how mass ridership data can help describe cities from the bikers' perspective. We explore the possibility of using the data to reveal general bikeability patterns in 202 major Chinese cities. This process is conducted by constructing a bikeability rating system, the Mobike Riding Index (MRI), to measure bikeability in terms of usage frequency and the built environment. We first investigated mass ridership data and relevant supporting data; we then established the MRI framework and calculated MRI scores accordingly. This study finds that people tend to ride shared bikes at speeds close to 10 km/h for an average distance of 2 km roughly three times a day. The MRI results show that at the street level, the weekday and weekend MRI distributions are analogous, with an average score of 49.8 (range 0–100). At the township level, high-scoring townships are those close to the city centre; at the city level, the MRI is unevenly distributed, with high-MRI cities along the southern coastline or in the middle inland area. These patterns have policy implications for urban planners and policy-makers. This is the first and largest-scale study to incorporate mobile bike-share data into bikeability measurements, thus laying the groundwork for further research.

scholarly journals The prevalence of underweight in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren in Liverpool: 1998–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne M Boddy ◽  
Allan F Hackett ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of underweight between 1998 and 2006 in Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years using recently published underweight cut-off points.Design and settingStature and body mass data collected at the LiverpoolSportsLinx project’s fitness testing sessions were used to calculate BMI.SubjectsData were available on 26 782 (n13 637 boys, 13 145 girls) participants.ResultsOverall underweight declined in boys from 10·3 % in 1998–1999 to 6·9 % in 2005–2006, and all sub-classifications of underweight declined, in particular grade 3 underweight, with the most recent prevalence being 0·1 %. In girls, the prevalence of underweight declined from 10·8 % in 1998–1999 to 7·5 % in 2005–2006. The prevalence of all grades of underweight was higher in girls than in boys. Underweight showed a fluctuating pattern across all grades over time for boys and girls, and overall prevalence in 2005–2006 represents over 200 children across the city.ConclusionsUnderweight may have reduced slightly from baseline, but remains a substantial problem in Liverpool, with the prevalence of overall underweight being relatively similar to the prevalence of obesity. The present study highlights the requirement for policy makers and funders to consider both ends of the body mass spectrum when fixing priorities in child health.

A Practitioner’s Perspective on Realignment

2016 ◽  
Vol 664 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-235
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Still
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Interagency Collaboration ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Alternatives To Incarceration ◽  
Level I ◽  
The City

This article offers a practitioner’s perspective on California’s criminal justice Realignment. Drawing on my direct experience implementing Realignment as the chief probation officer in the city and county of San Francisco, I argue that the San Francisco case illustrates how decarceration can occur without compromising public safety, and I offer a set of lessons for practitioners and policy-makers about how to achieve decarceration despite local political, organizational, and cultural barriers. Specifically, I identify interagency collaboration, investment in community corrections and a commitment to alternatives to incarceration and community engagement with the families of both victims and offenders as key facilitators of decarceration at the local level. I urge observers not to dismiss these lessons as idiosyncratic to San Francisco’s unique locale. Rather, my experience has been that even San Francisco’s exceptionally hospitable local culture is not enough to successfully implement reform; structural arrangements that institutionalize the practical implementation of cultural commitments to reduce reliance on incarceration are required.

scholarly journals UniverCity: The Vicious Cycle of Studentification in a Peripheral City

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1248-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nufar Avni ◽  
Nurit Alfasi
Keyword(s):  
Social Impacts ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Central Location ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic And Social Impacts

Research on studentification has unpacked the spatial, economic, and social impacts that are associated with the growing presence of students in cities. Nonetheless, considerably less attention has been paid to the broader regional and national contexts that shape studentification. Using the case study of Ben–Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, we argue that the studentification of the city should be understood within its context as the periphery of the country. Despite the university's central location and its involvement in revitalization efforts in the region, Ben–Gurion University is surrounded by marginalized neighborhoods which have turned into a “student bubble”. We show that the segregation between the campus and the city results from a vicious cycle that reproduces the city's poor image and disrupts the university's attempts to advance the city and region. Although overlooked by policy–makers, the implications of this cycle reach far beyond the campus' surrounding and affect the city and to some extent the whole region.

Earnings, EITC, and Employment Responses to a $15 Minimum Wage: Will Low-Income Workers Be Better Off?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Fahimullah ◽  
Yi Geng ◽  
Bradley Hardy ◽  
Daniel Muhammad ◽  
Jeffrey Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Tax Credit ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
The City

The District of Columbia will increase its minimum wage to $15 per hour in 2020. The city also provides a local refundable earned income tax credit (EITC) equal to 40% of the federal EITC. Using a computable general equilibrium model, the authors estimate the economic impact of the $15 wage policy. They also use a tax policy microsimulation model to estimate how the city’s EITC interacts with a higher minimum wage. Overall, the authors find that the higher minimum wage will produce significant income gains for most of the city’s low-wage workers, with relatively few job losses. Additionally, they forecast that most city EITC recipients will receive a lower EITC, but higher earnings more than offset the reduced tax credit. The model predicts that this policy change would largely be funded by higher consumer prices, lower firm profits, and higher business productivity. These predictions are subject to important caveats, including a local labor market that is likely inadequately characterized in a model assuming perfect competition. Economic policy makers should therefore use such modeling approaches as a powerful but ultimately imperfect tool.

scholarly journals Towards Smart Urban Regeneration: Findings of an Urban Footprint Survey in Port Louis, Mauritius

Smart Cities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaheer Allam ◽  
A. Dhunny ◽  
Gaëtan Siew ◽  
David Jones
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres ◽  
Urban Footprint

The Smart City Scheme, as part of the Smart Mauritius initiative, adopted by the Government of Mauritius in 2014, heavily incentivised the emergence of new smart cities in greenfields. The resulting migration of business and residents from existing cities to new cities affected the liveability standard of existing cities and encouraged property speculation. This shift reduced home pricing affordability further from the grasp of young professionals. With the Mauritian Landlord and Tenant Act of 1999 discouraging investment in Mauritian city centres, property developers were additionally encouraged to invest in housing projects in these emerging Smart Cities. As part of the Smart Urban Regeneration strategy of Port Louis that sought to reduce competition between new and existing cities, the provision of housing was seen as paramount to enabling the Smart Cities concept as promoted by the Government. The findings of this paper, which explores the urban footprint of Port Louis through field survey, provides insights, as to the components of the city, that can assist policy-makers and developers to better shape projects that are more responsive to the Smart Urban Regeneration plan.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of religious based HIV/AIDS information, education and communication in Bandung, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Kemper ◽  
Estro Dariatno Sihaloho ◽  
Adiatma YM Siregar ◽  
N Tromp ◽  
R Baltussen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Aids Education ◽  
Personnel Cost ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Training Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Aids Information ◽  
Cost Components ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Sexual risk behavior and preconceptions about HIV/AIDS remain a significant problem in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Indonesia. Religious based HIV/AIDS education can be used to increase the knowledge of HIV/AIDS of the general population. The Imam educates his/her visitors about HIV/AIDS, thereby reducing risk behavior and stigma. To allow policy makers to make evidence-based decisions about prioritizing between various interventions focused on HIV/AIDS, it is important to calculate the costs of this intervention.METHODS:The costs were calculated for the city Bandung, Indonesia over a period of a year (January 2015 -December 2015). The data were collected in April and May 2016 and obtained by interviews with experts and records from KPA Bandung (the organization coordinating the intervention). In this intervention, KPA Bandung gives annual trainings to 60 Imams on how to educate visitors about HIV/AIDS. In turn, the Imams educate their visitors during the religious gathering.RESULTS:The cost falling on KPA Bandung for coordinating this intervention were US$387 per year. The largest cost components were the capital training cost (41%) and the recurrent personnel cost (35%). The total societal costs were US$1963 per year for 60 mosques and 1200 visitor. The largest cost components of the societal costs were the building cost for the mosques (27%) and the recurrent personnel cost for the Imams (40%).CONCLUSIONS:The costs for KPA Bandung are low, so it is important to consider scaling up the training from one time per year to two times per year. In addition, it would be significant to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

scholarly journals Taranto’s long shadow? Cancer mortality shows alarming peaks for specific types in the most polluted city of Italy but also in surrounding towns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Roberto Cazzolla Gatti ◽  
Alena Velichevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
The City

AbstractA national-scale study in Italy showed an incidence of cancer higher in the territories indicated as highly polluted compared to the regional average. One of them, the city of Taranto in Apulia (Italy), which is considered one of the most polluted cities in Europe, has numerous industrial activities that impact population health. We studied the epidemiological effects of a high level of pollution produced by the industrial area of Taranto in increasing the mortality rate for some specific cancer types in the city and towns of the two provinces located downwind. We analysed 10-year mortality rates for 14 major types of tumours reported among the residents of Taranto, of 6 surrounding towns, randomly placed within an imaginary cone in the main wind direction from the vertex of the industrial zone of Taranto. Our results confirm our hypothesis that the mortality rate for some specific types of cancer (namely, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukaemia, liver and bladder tumours) are higher than the norm in the municipality of Taranto and we have evidence that other local causes may be implicated in the excess of mortality besides the potential dispersal of pollutants from the industrial area of Taranto. The proximity to the industrial area of Taranto cannot, therefore, explain alone the anomalies detected in some populations. It is likely that other site-specific sources of heavy pollution are playing a role in worsening the death toll of these towns and this must be taken into serious consideration by environmental policy-makers and local authorities.

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