scholarly journals Hormonal balance in apical meristems of Scots pine shoots as a very early symptom of flower sex differentiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
J. Kopcewicz ◽  
Z. Zatorska ◽  
H. Kulikowska ◽  
T. Szcześniak
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Early Symptom ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Long Time

The investigations were conducted on the embryonic shoots which were taken at the stage just before the start of the elongation of the last year formed embryonic shoot; it means long time before male and female cone primordia initiation. The results point out to the existence of distinctive balance of auxins to gibberellins in apical meristems oi potentially female and male shoots for about a month before the initiation of new embryonic shoots. These results confirm our previous suggestions that femaleness and maleness in Scots pine is correlated with a high amount of auxins and gibberellins, respectively.

scholarly journals Possible Epigenetic Origin of a Recurrent Gynandromorph Pattern in Megachile Wild Bees

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Daniele Sommaggio ◽  
Giuseppe Fusco ◽  
Marco Uliana ◽  
Alessandro Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Phenotype ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Individual Body

Gynandromorphs, i.e., individuals with a mix of male and female traits, are common in the wild bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). We described new transverse gynandromorphs in Megachile pilidens Alfkeen, 1924 and analyze the spatial distribution of body parts with male vs. female phenotype hitherto recorded in the transverse gynandromorphs of the genus Megachile. We identified 10 different arrangements, nine of which are minor variants of a very general pattern, with a combination of male and female traits largely shared by the gynandromorphs recorded in 20 out of 21 Megachile species in our dataset. Based on the recurrence of the same gynandromorph pattern, the current knowledge on sex determination and sex differentiation in the honey bee, and the results of recent gene-knockdown experiments in these insects, we suggest that these composite phenotypes are possibly epigenetic, rather than genetic, mosaics, with individual body parts of either male or female phenotype according to the locally expressed product of the alternative splicing of sex-determining gene transcripts.

scholarly journals Programming of the reproductive axis by hormonal and genetic manipulation in mice

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana B Rulli ◽  
María Julia Cambiasso ◽  
Laura D Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Brain

In mammals, the reproductive function is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. During development, mechanisms mediated by gonadal steroids exert an imprinting at the hypothalamic-pituitary level, by establishing sexual differences in the circuits that control male and female reproduction. In rodents, the testicular production of androgens increases drastically during the fetal/neonatal stage. This process is essential for the masculinization of the reproductive tract, genitals and brain. The conversion of androgens to estrogens in the brain is crucial for the male sexual differentiation and behavior. Conversely, feminization of the brain occurs in the absence of high levels of gonadal steroids during the perinatal period in females. Potential genetic contribution to the differentiation of brain cells through direct effects of genes located on sex chromosomes is also relevant. In this review, we will focus on the phenotypic alterations that occur on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of transgenic mice with persistently elevated expression of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG). Excess of endogenously synthesized gonadal steroids due to a constant hCG stimulation is able to disrupt the developmental programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in both transgenic males and females. Locally produced estrogens by the hypothalamic aromatase might play a key role in the phenotype of these mice. The “four core genotypes” mouse model demonstrated a potential influence of sex chromosome genes in brain masculinization before critical periods of sex differentiation. Thus, hormonal and genetic factors interact to regulate the local production of the neurosteroids necessary for the programming of the male and female reproductive function.

scholarly journals Gambaran Penggunaan Obat Antidiare di 3 Puskesmas Kabupaten Barito Selatan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Nurul Chusna ◽  
Evi Mulyani ◽  
Ahmad Asmadi
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
District Health ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Long Time

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than three times a day accompanied by changes in shape and consistency of feces of patients. Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections can cause diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the profile of the use of antidiarrheal drugs for one semester in 3 South Barito District Health Centers namely Bangkuang Health Center, Sababilah Health Center, and Buntok Health Center. The results showed that there were differences in the use of drugs in each Health Center. Based on the type of drug that is most widely used, namely for the Bangkuang Health Center was Zink (1300 prescription), for Sababilah Health Center was Metronidazole (1350 prescription), and for Buntok Health Center was Cotrimoxazole (4650 prescriptions). Based on the age of patients aged 18-60 years for Bangkuang Health Center as many as 120 people, 279 people for Sababilah Health Center, and 315 people for Buntok Health Center. Based on male and female sex, for Bangkuang Health Center were 98 males and 167 females, for Sababilah Health Center were 233 males and 258 females, and for Buntok Health Center were 298 males and 398 females. Further research needed for a long time regarding the use of antidiarrheal drugs in other Health Centers.

scholarly journals Studies on the Pollination Characteristics and Pollination Level of Chinese fir Seed Orchard

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zhuowen
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Male Cone

Abstract Data from three seed orchards (Chongyang, Zhangle and Laoshan) and Lintian forest were used to study pollination characteristics, pollination level, pollen and ovule production in Chinese fir. The results show that male and female cones have their own distribution patterns within crowns. Male cones are located in the middle to top and female cones the middle to bottom part of the crown. Because of lower density of trees in seed orchard than that in a stand, female cones are distributed over the entire crown in seed orchard trees. Chinese fir male and female cones appear to be very well adapted for wind as the pollination mechanism. There is no difference in the number of pollen grains produced by one pollen sac among trees in the same clone, but there are differences between clones. There are differences between both clones and years in female cone number, male cone number and their ratio. The pollen accumulation rate during pollination should be 3 to 5 pollen grains/mm2 to ensure fertilization. The Chinese fir seed orchards in this study produced too much pollen and could be improved by stimulation of more female flowers in order to produce more seeds.

Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine), a nitrification inhibitor, may replace fertilizers for promoting cone bud production in southern pine seed orchards

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-208
Author(s):  
Robert C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Cone Production

Male and female cone bud and cone production in loblolly (Pinustaeda L.) and slash (Pinuselliottiielliottii Engelm.) pine was significantly stimulated by June soil application of nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine), a specific toxin for nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Nitrapyrin presumably acts by conserving ambient soil nitrogen since only 1.5–2 g promoted cone buds as effectively as 150 g of elemental nitrogen from either ammonium or nitrate sources. Nitrapyrin may serve as a less costly substitute for nitrogen fertilization in seed orchards.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers in Spinacia oleracea L

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Ziwei Meng ◽  
Minjie Tao ◽  
Yueyuan Wang ◽  
Yulan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Gender Development ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Time ◽  
Female Flowers

Abstract Background Dioecious spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a commercial and nutritional vegetable crop, serves as a model for studying the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in plants. However, this mechanism is still unclear. Herein, based on PacBio Iso-seq and Illumina RNA-seq data, comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers were performed to explore the sex differentiation mechanism in spinach. Results Compared with published genome of spinach, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated; alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA were analyzed for the first time, increasing the diversity of spinach transcriptome. A total of 2965 differentially expressed genes were identified between female and male flowers at three early development stages. The differential expression of RNA splicing-related genes, polyadenylation-related genes and lncRNAs suggested the involvement of alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA in sex differentiation. Moreover, 1946 male-biased genes and 961 female-biased genes were found and several candidate genes related to gender development were identified, providing new clues to reveal the mechanism of sex differentiation. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that auxin and gibberellin were the common crucial factors in regulating female or male flower development; however, the closely co-expressed genes of these two factors were different between male and female flower, which may result in spinach sex differentiation. Conclusions In this study, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated, and the alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and long-noncoding RNA were comprehensively analyzed for the first time in spinach, providing valuable information for functional genome study. Moreover, candidate genes related to gender development were identified, shedding new insight on studying the mechanism of sex determination and differentiation in plant.

Characterization of endocrine-disrupting chemicals based on hormonal balance disruption in male and female adult rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Quignot ◽  
Marine Arnaud ◽  
Franck Robidel ◽  
Anthony Lecomte ◽  
Mikaël Tournier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Hormonal Balance

Male and Female in the Homeric Poems

Ramus ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Rowan Beye
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Female Relationships ◽  
General Conception ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Behaviour

The following is an investigation of the nature of women in the Homeric poems. It is generally accepted that epic figures are typical rather than individual, idiosyncratic personalities. So it is reasonable to assume that the women of the two poems represent the general conception of female behaviour held by Homer's audience. Even if the poems represent a tradition which was a long time in the making, it remains true that what appears within the poems must have made sense somehow to Homer's contemporary audience. And that is the sense we must seek.There has been very little said about the role of women in the Homeric epics. Discussion is bound to be uneven; women are glimpsed infrequently in the Iliad, whereas they are everywhere in the Odyssey. But this in itself perhaps offers insights into the nature of the difference between the two poems. In addition an analysis of the part women play in these poems helps to explain the continual appeal of the Iliad and the Odyssey. For the poems, like all truly great pieces of literature, say things that we humans need and want to hear. As is true of other facets of the poems the female characters are extraordinarily authentic. They manifest moods and psychological states which are true to women, at least in the Western world. Moreover the poems, especially the Odyssey, show with great profundity some important truths of male-female relationships. Whether these are inherent and never-changing or it is because women's situation has not much changed through the millenia is hard to say.

scholarly journals Tradycja a praktyki dominacji w obrębie płci na przykładzie huculskiego kolędowania

Adeptus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Marianna Zynek
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Role Of Women

Tradition and the practices of gender domination on the example of hutsul carollingThe Christmas custom of carolling occupies a very special place in the life of Hutsulshchyna inhabitants. Referred to as a religious rite, for a long time Hutsul carolling has been an object of numerous studies that shape ideas about it. In spite of the functioning of many forms of carolling in these areas, both researchers and the inhabitants of the Ukrainian Carpathians recognize as the most important the male form of carolling, which marginalized the role of women. However, on closer inspection it turns out that women also have an exceptional impact on the course of tradition, often taking the initiative in carolling. The article focuses on the, hitherto disregarded in the literature gender, relations within the Hutsul carolling. It also analyses the connection between discourse and social practices manifested in male and female forms of carolling. A look at the official and non-official character of tradition as well as relations between genders and any crises connected with them highlights the domination and symbolic power within the gender domain. Tradycja a praktyki dominacji w obrębie płci na przykładzie huculskiego kolędowaniaBożonarodzeniowy zwyczaj kolędowania zajmuje szczególne miejsce w życiu mieszkańców Huculszczyzny. Określane jako rytuał religijny huculskie kolędowanie od dawna stanowi obiekt wielu prac naukowych, które kształtują wyobrażenia na jego temat. Na tych terenach funkcjonuje wiele form kolędowania. Za najistotniejsze, zarówno badacze, jak i mieszkańcy Karpat ukraińskich, uznają kolędowanie mężczyzn, w którym marginalizowana jest rola kobiet. Przy bliższym przyjrzeniu okazuje się jednak, że również i one mają szczególny wpływ na przebieg tradycji, niejednokrotnie przejmując kolędniczą inicjatywę. Artykuł skupia się na nieuwzględnianych dotąd w literaturze przedmiotu relacjach płci w obrębie huculskiego kolędowania. Analizuje również związek dyskursu i praktyk społecznych przejawiających się w kolędzie kobiecej i męskiej. Przyjrzenie się kwestiom oficjalności i nieoficjalności oraz relacjom między płcią a wszelkiego rodzaju kryzysami pozwala zwrócić uwagę na uwidaczniającą się dominację oraz przemoc symboliczną w obrębie płci.

scholarly journals Genes in the Azoospermia Factor A Region of the Y Chromosome Show Sexual Dimorphism in Rat Brain Prior to Gonadal Sex Differentiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Pradhan ◽  
Subrata Pramanik ◽  
Per-Erik Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Azoospermia Factor

Abstract BackgroundThe classical concept of brain sex differentiation suggests that steroid hormones released from the gonads program male and female brains differently. However, several studies indicate that steroid hormones are not the only determinant of brain sex differentiation and that genetic differences could also be involved.MethodsIn this study, we have performed RNA sequencing of rat brains at embryonic days 12 (E12), E13, and E14. The aim was to identify differentially expressed genes between male and female rat brains during early development. ResultsAnalysis of genes expressed with the highest sex differences showed that Xist was highly expressed in females having XX genotype with an increasing ratio over time. Analysis of genes expressed with the highest male expression identified three main genes. At E12, two genes located in the azoospermia factor A (AZFa) region on the Y chromosome were highly expressed in males. These were Ddx3y (1552-fold higher in males) and Kdm6c (147-fold higher in males). The expression of Kdm6c, but not Ddx3y, remained high at both E13 and E14. In qRT-PCR analysis, these two genes were highly expressed in all the stages in male brain. In addition to these genes, one of the several copies of Sry in the rat genome, Sry4, showed a high expression in the male brains at all three time points. At all three time points several other genes were also found to show sex bias, but with lower differences in gene expression. ConclusionThe observed sex-specific expression of genes at early development suggests that the rat brain is sexually dimorphic prior to gonadal action on the brain and identifies the AZFa region genes as a possible contributor to male brain development.

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