scholarly journals The position and structure of the nectary in spring heath (Erica carnea L.) flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosław Chwil ◽  
Marek Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Pore Opening ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ecological traits of <i>Erica carnea</i> L. flowers and the morphology of floral nectaries were investigated using stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. The nectary in the flowers of <i>Erica carnea</i> is located in the basal part of the ovary. It represents the gynoecial nectary type. It has the form of a yellow, ribbed ring with eight outgrowths, pointed towards the base, which alternately adjoin the stamen filaments. The height of the nectary is 400 µm and its thickness 200 - 250 µm. The parenchyma of the nectary is composed of 6 - 8 layers. Nectar secretion occurs through anomocytic stomata with a diameter of 17 µm. Guard cells are only found on the outgrowths of the nectary and they are situated most frequently at the level of other epidermal cells. During nectar secretion, a small degree of pore opening was observed. In the flowers of <i>Erica carnea</i>, secondary nectar presentation was found, with the nectar accumulating at the base of the fused corolla.

scholarly journals Nectary structure and nectar secretion of Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the micromorphology of nectaries in <i>Echium russicum</i> J. F. Gmel. flowers was determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their anatomy by using light microscopy (LM). The rate of nectar production of flowers and sugar concentration in nectar were investigated. The nectary gland is located below the ovary of the pistil. It is composed of 4 parts corresponding to the parts of the ovary. The widest regions of the nectar-producing tissue are situated by the furrows separating the adjacent parts of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through anomocytic stomata, located only in the lower part of the nectary. The stomata were distributed evenly or they formed clusters of 2-3. The average number of stomata on the surface of the whole nectary was 184. At the nectar secretion stage, open and closed, as well as not fully mature stomata were observed. The orientation of most of the stomata was parallel to the nectary base. The cuticle surface of the cells of the upper and lateral part of the nectary was smooth, whereas in the region producing stomata it showed various folds facilitating the retention of nectar. The flowers produced nectar throughout the flowering period. The weight of nectar secreted throughout the lifetime of ten flowers was, on the average, 20 mg, with the concentration of sugars of 58% and their weight reaching 17 mg.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of the epidermis of the floral nectary of Rhododendron japonicum (A. Gray) J. V. Suringar ex E.H. Wilson.

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Half Height ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Scanning Electron

The conducted study related to the structure of the floral nectaries of <i>Rhododendron japonicum</i> (A. Gray) J. V. Suringar ex E. H. Wilson. The structure of the secretory epidermis of the nectaries was analysed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <i>Rhododendron japonicum</i> develops the superior pistil with a 5-loculed ovary equipped in five ribs. The nectary gland is located in the lower part of the ovary. In the nectary regions located on the extension of the ribs of the ovary, stomata were very numerous. In the upper part of the nectary, stomata were arranged individually or in small clusters, whereas at its half- -height they formed stomatal areas. The stomata were at different growth stages. They were arranged in different directions. The stomata developed on the nectary surface according to the mosaic pattern. The stomata from the lower situated part of the nectary had a different structure than those occurring in the upper half of the nectary. The stomata in the nectaries of <i>Rh. japonicum</i> belong to the actinocytic type. The cuticle layer in the upper part of the nectary was better developed and had a characteristic sculpture, whereas in the lower part it was smooth.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the surface of the epidermis in floral nectaries and the receptacle of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Sorbus Aucuparia ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Scanning Electron

The structure of receptacular surfaces of floral nectaries at two flowering stages and the structure of the outer surface of the receptacle of <i>Sorbus aucuparia</i> were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the development of the cuticular epithelium of the nectary epidermis and differences in the degree of aperture of stomata were observed. Increased undulation of the gland surface was found during flower development. Numerous stomata were situated slightly below the level of epidermal cells of the nectary. At the pollination stage, open pores or pores surrounded by the cuticular epithelium were observed, as well as covered by dried secretion. Dried nectar in the form of patches was also visible on the surface of the gland. Stomata of the outer surface of the receptacle were located on protrusions and surrounded by the cuticular epithelium.

A Facile Method for Improving the Process of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Film Preparation

2014 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 627-630
Author(s):  
Kai Feng Zhang ◽  
Hui Zhou ◽  
Hu Lin Li ◽  
Rui Peng Sang ◽  
Zhi Hua Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Anodic Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Film ◽  
Anodic Aluminum ◽  
One Step ◽  
Pore Opening ◽  
Film Preparation ◽  
Scanning Electron

A new and facile method for improving the procedure of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film preparation was presented, which was based on an electrochemical detachment procedure. The detachment and pore-opening were performed just through one step in a solution of HClO4and C2H5OH at a voltage of 40V. The as-obtained AAO film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning probing microscopy (SPM). The process of detachment and pore-opening was also discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of features of the epidermis and the size of the floral nectary in four species of the genus Cotoneaster Med.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Cuticular Ornamentation ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue ◽  
Nectar Flow ◽  
Scanning Electron

The investigations involved four species of the <i>Cotoneaster</i> genus: <i>C. divaricatus</i>, <i>C. horizontalis</i>, <i>C. lucidus</i>, <i>C. praecox</i>, which are commonly grown for decorative purposes. In Poland, these plants bloom in May and June and are a source of abundant spring nectar flow for insects. The floral nectaries of the above-mentioned species were examined using stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy in order to assess their size and epidermal microstructure. In the plants studied, the upper part of the hypanthium is lined by nectariferous tissue. The nectaries in the four species vary in terms of their sizes. Nectar is secreted onto the surface of the epidermis through anomocytic, slightly elongated or circular stomata. The largest stomata on the nectary epidermis were found in the flowers of <i>C. horizontalis</i>, and the smallest ones in <i>C. divaricatus</i>.Their size and location in relation to other epidermal cells were taxon-specific. The highest density of stomata in the nectary epidermis was found in <i>C. divaricatus</i> (205 per mm<sup>2</sup>), whereas <i>C. horizontalis</i> flowers exhibited the lowest (98 per mm<sup>2</sup>) stomatal density. The cuticular ornamentation on the nectary epidermis surface was diverse. The stomatal indices calculated for the nectary epidermis were considerably lower than for the leaves in the particular species.

scholarly journals The location of nectaries and nectar secretion in the flowers of Allium giganteum Regel

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Beata Żuraw ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Halina Laskowska ◽  
Elżbieta Pogroszewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the flowers of <i>Allium</i> there are found septal nectaries; in particular species, their outlet can be located in different parts of the ovary. The inflorescences of these plants are a rich source of nectar for insects. The location and structure of septal nectaries in the flowers of <i>Allium giganteum</i> Regel were investigated. Light and scanning electron microscopy was used. The septal nectaries were found to be located in the lower part of the ovary and in the gynophore on which the ovary is borne. Nectar is secreted into the nectary slits from which it flows through the ducts to three openings located in the upper part of the gynophore, from whence it gets outside in the vicinity of the expanded parts of the filaments. Sugar concentration in the nectar of <i>A. giganteum</i> averaged 54.5%, while sugar weight per flower was determined to be 0.36 mg. When converted into sugar weight per inflorescence, numbering more than 2,000 flowers, it was 771.7 mg.

scholarly journals The biology of flowering and structure of selected elements of Cornus alba L. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Cornus Alba ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Scanning Electron

The biology of flowering and the micromorphology of <i>Cornus alba</i> flowers were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The flowering of white dogwood in 2008 lasted 35 days, and the lifespan of a single flower was 3 days. The number of flowers per inflorescence was variable (on the average, it was 89). The largest group of insects visiting the flowers of <i>C. alba</i> comprised Hymenoptera (mainly bees and andrenids), then ants, dipterans and beetles. They foraged the dogwood flowers most intensively between 11.00 and 15.00. The inconspicuous four-petalled flowers of <i>C. alba</i> were characterised by the occurrence of T-shaped, two-armed non-glandular trichomes covering the receptacle as well as observed on the petals of the corolla, the style of the pistil and the anthers in a smaller number. The trichomes were covered by a thick cuticle with characteristic outgrowths. They contained a living protoplast, and plastids were observed in the cytoplasm of the trichome cells. In addition, anomocytic stomata were found in the epidermis of the receptacle and in the epidermis of the corolla petals. The stigma of the pistil and the adaxial epidermis of the petals were composed of very numerous conical papillae.

scholarly journals Structure of trichomatous nectaries in flowers of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark.

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Małgorzata Bożek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
Lateral Walls ◽  
Scanning Electron

The structure of the floral nectaries of <i>Lonicera kamtschatica</i> was examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Nectariferous tissues are located in the lower portion of the corolla tube. It was found that the secretory tissue of the nectary was composed of two layers of epidermal formations: short papillae and about 3x longer unicellular trichomes. They cover the adaxial surface of a small spur. Nectar secretion takes place through the apical portion of the trichomes and papillae. The cell wall of the upper part of the trichome has protuberances participating in nectar transfer to the subcuticular space which reaches large dimensions. The lateral walls of the trichomes are saturated with cutin. The papillae have much thicker walls than the trichomes. In the papillae, there are no wall protuberances. Less secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavities of the papillae than in the trichomes.

scholarly journals Flowering pattern, the structure of nectary surface and nectar secretion in two varieties of Ocimum basilicum L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Convex Part ◽  
Scanning Electron

The studies conducted in the years 2003-2004 covered two varieties of <i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L.: var. <i>purpurascens</i> Benth. and var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> I. The flower lifetime, daily flowering pattern, morphology of pollen grains and the abundance of nectar secretion of flowers were compared. The surface of the nectaries of <i>O. basilicum</i> var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The automorphic nectaries of basil formed the following parts: a flat part from the side of the upper lip and a convex part with three protrusions on the opposite side. On the top of two outer protrusions, stomatal areas were located, responsible for nectar secretion. The stomata occurred at the level of other epidermal cells. On the average, nectar contained 42% of sugars. The sugar yield of flowers of var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> was 36% higher than this feature in var. <i>purpurascens</i>. In terms of their size, the pollen grains were rated as medium-sized. Their viability ranged 88-96%. The shape of the pollen grains was described as oblate and suboblate.

Étude comparée de l'ultrastructure des stomates ouverts et fermés chez le Tradescantia virginiana

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1505-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Couot-Gastelier ◽  
D. Laffray ◽  
P. Louguet
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Tradescantia Virginiana ◽  
Peripheral Reticulum ◽  
Rapid Exchange ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron

Guard cells and subsidiary cells of Tradescantia virginiana L. were examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. No plasmodesmata occur in the walls between the guard cells and the subsidiary cells. The numerous mitochondria suggest that guard cells are very active. Numerous small vacuoles were observed in closed stomata, whereas few and large vacuoles were present in opened stomata. A specialized peripheral reticulum and some invaginations containing cytoplasm were observed in chloroplasts of opened stomata. This increase of effective surface of the membrane presumably allows a rapid exchange of substances to or from the chloroplast. This was not observed in mesophyll plastids. The structures described are discussed in relation to guard cell physiology.

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