scholarly journals Nutritive for insects attractantsin Asphodelus albus Miller flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Transverse Axis ◽  
Single Flower

The studies on <i>Asphodelus albus</i> Miller flowers were conducted in the Botanical Garden of the UMCS in Lublin in the years 2004-2005. The flower nectaries location was determined in a stereoscopic microscope. The nectaring abundance was studied with a pipette method described by Jabłoński and Szklanowska (1979), while pollen efficiency determined after Warakomska`s ether method (1972). Pollen viability was computed in a sample of 400 grains after acetocarmine staining. The following measurements of pollen grains were made: the length of polar axis (P), equatorial longitudinal axis (EL) and equatorial transverse axis (ET). In <i>Asphodelus albus</i> flowers, there are three nectary glands located in the ovary septa whose outlets are situated in the upper part of the ovary. The nectar secretion starts in a dehiscing bud and persists until the withering stage of perianth leaves. Considering the size of monocolpate pollen grains of <i>Asphodelus albus</i>, they are ranked among great, whereas their shape assumed flattened and circular at the polar view. In the Poland climatic conditions, a pollen showed high vitality (98%). The <i>Asphodelus albus</i> plants constitute a valuable source of nutrition for the pollinators as a single flower generated on average 4,22 mg sugars and 0,2 mg of pollen grains.

scholarly journals Flowering Biology of Rhododendron pulchrum

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Jie Qiu ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Hongli Wei ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
Yang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Mtt Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Axis Length ◽  
To Receive

To study the flowering biology of Rhododendron pulchrum, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and paraffin sectioning to observe the microstructures of its floral organs, a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay to detect pollen viability in different periods, continuous observations to study flowering phenology, and artificial pollination and a benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method to determine stigma receptivity. R. pulchrum exhibited a centralized flowering phenology. The protogynous stigmas of R. pulchrum were able to receive pollen before flowering. The pollen grains of R. pulchrum fused into tetrads, the average ratio of the polar axis length to the equatorial axis length (P/E) was 1.05, and the pollen viability was highest in the initial flowering period, reaching 88.98%. The pollen/ovule (P/O) ratio was 266–328, and the outcrossing index (OCI) was 4; the vitality of R. pulchrum pollen remained high in the initial flowering and blooming periods. Compared with the lifespan of a single flower, pollen vitality remained high for most of the experimental period, thereby improving male fitness. The P/O ratio suggests that R. pulchrum may have a facultative outcrossing breeding system. The OCI estimation suggests that R. pulchrum is partially self-compatible, most likely requiring pollinators to complete pollination.

scholarly journals Palynological characterization and genetic divergence between accessions of chilli and sweet peppers

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellen C Martins ◽  
Sérgio Alessandro M Souza ◽  
Telma Nair S Pereira ◽  
Rosana Rodrigues ◽  
Messias G Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Front View ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Polar Area

This study characterised pollen grains morphologically and studied the genetic divergence between accessions based on morphopollinic characters. Seven accessions, including domesticated, semi-domesticated and wild species of Capsicum (C. annuum var. annuum, C. chinense, C. baccatum var. pendulum, C. frutescens, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, C. baccatum var. baccatum and C. parvifolium), were cultivated in a greenhouse and their pollen grains collected and fixed during flowering. The pollen grains were acetolysed and described based on 13 pollinic characteristics (polar and equatorial axes, in an equatorial front view; ratio between polar axis and equatorial axis; equatorial axis in a polar view; thicknesses of the exine, sexine and nexine; apocolpus side; polar area index; length and diameter of the pore and colpus). The genetic divergence analysis between the accessions was based on the standardised average Euclidean distance, and the grouping analysis was based on Ward's method. PCA (principal component analysis) is another multivariate method that was used. Based on Ward's method and PCA, it was possible to group the accessions into two groups, and the groups formed correlated with the classification of the gene pool complexes already described for the genus. According to this classification, the Capsicum genus comprises three major groups: C. annuum, C. chinense and C. frutescens form the annuum complex; C. baccatum and C. pratermissum form the baccatum complex; and C. eximium, C. cardenasii and C. pubescens form the pubescens complex. The variable width of the pores was the most discriminating in this morphopollinic study of Capsicum spp.

scholarly journals Morphology and pollen viability of Lolium multiflorum Lam.

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata de Castro Nunes ◽  
Fernanda de Oliveira Bustamante ◽  
Vânia Helena Techio ◽  
Andréa Mittelmann
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Breeding Populations

Study and characterization of pollen grains are essential for different areas, especially taxonomy, genetic improvement, phylogeny, and paleobotany. As yet, there are no reports on pollen morphology of genotypes of naturalized Lolium multiflorum Lam., introduced cultivars or breeding populations, diploid or polyploid. Ten genotypes of annual ryegrass (L. multiflorum) were evaluated for the viability of pollen grains using propionic carmine and Alexander's stains, while morphology was assessed by the acetolysis technique. Measures of polar axis (P), equatorial diameter (E), exine thickness, and analysis of pollen grains were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All genotypes showed high rate of pollen viability (> 89%) for both stains. There were differences between genotypes in the following quantitative traits: polar axis, equatorial diameter, exine, endexine, ektexine, and P/E ratio. Pollen grains were characterized as small, monoporates, with circular and non-prominent apertures. In addition to helping distinction of pollen grains, morphometric differences can be used later to compare ploidy levels, thus assisting in breeding programs of the species.

scholarly journals Investigation on the pollen morphology of traditional cultivars of Prunus species in Sicily

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Geraci ◽  
Vincenza Polizzano ◽  
Pasquale Marino ◽  
Rosario Schicchi
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Prunus Species ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
North East ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Exine Sculpturing ◽  
Traditional Cultivars ◽  
Grain Surface

In this study pollen grains of 13 cultivars and 3 rootstocks belonging to 5 species (<em>P. armeniaca</em>, <em>P. domestica</em>, <em>P. dulcis</em>, <em>P. persica</em>, <em>P. avium</em>) of the genus <em>Prunus </em>collected from North-East Sicily were examined for the micromorphological characterization through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The length of polar axis (<em>P</em>) and the equatorial diameter (<em>E</em>) of grain, <em>P/E </em>ratio, the length of colpi (<em>C</em>), diameter of perforations (<em>DP</em>) and the number of perforations in 25 μm<sup>2</sup> (<em>PN</em>), the width of muri (<em>WM</em>), the distance between muri (<em>DM</em>) and their number in 25 μm<sup>2</sup> (<em>MN</em>), the width of grooves (<em>WG</em>) were measured and their variation was compared among studied taxa. Moreover multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to distinguish morphometric information from measured parameters. All pollen grains are trizonocolpate, isopolar, medium-large sized and their shape varies from prolate to perprolate. Regarding outline pollen grains are subtriangular in polar view and elliptic in equatorial view. Exine sculpturing is striate with perforations on grain surface. The arrangement of ridges appears roughly parallel but too sloped (sometimes curved) compared to polar axis, or branched and oriented in different directions, or perfectly parallel or more irregular with bifurcated ridges often sinuous. The analyses showed a great variability (particularly in <em>P. domestica </em>cultivars) related in some cases to the diversity in the morphological features of the leaves and the fruits of the investigated entities.

scholarly journals Nectar and Pollen Production and Insect Visitation on Ornamentals from the Genus Hosta Tratt. (Asparagaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Bożek ◽  
Monika Strzałkowska-Abramek ◽  
Bożena Denisow
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Perianth Tube

Abstract Properly arranged ornamental gardens in both urban and agricultural landscapes can be of a benefit to bees. In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, nectar, and pollen production of the ornamental Hosta species and varieties (H. sieboldiana Engler, H. capitata Nakai, H. crispula Maekawa, H. fluctuans Maekawa, syn. H. sieboldiana var. fluctuans hort., H. undulata var. univittata Miquel (Hylander), syn. H. univittata). Our experiment was conducted in the 2012 - 2014 time period, at the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland (51° 14’ N, 21° 34’ E). The total sugar yield varied almost 5-fold among Hosta ornamentals; the lowest amount was calculated for H. fluctuans (2.31 g per 10 m2) and the highest for H. capitata (11.80 g per 10 m2). The average pollen yield was from 0.24 g per 10 m2 (H. undulata var. univittata) to 9.53 g per 10 m2 (H. capitata). Pollen grains were bilaterally symmetrical, and large-sized. In polar view, they were prolatum (shape index 1.33 - 1.61), while in equatorial view, oblatum (shape index 0.5 - 0.7). Hosta species can complete the summer pasture mainly for bumblebees. In four of the five Hosta representatives, bumblebees accounted for 60 - 70% of the total visits. The honeybee predominated only on the flowers of H. capitata (54 - 71%). Solitary bees were rarely observed (3 - 9% of visits). The phenotypic traits of Hosta flowers (the accumulation of nectar in the deep and narrow perianth tube) reduced the access to nectar reward and restricted an array of insect visitors.

scholarly journals Pollen Morphology of Herbaceous Peonies with Different Ploidy Levels

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Hao ◽  
Hui Ma ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
XiaoNan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Herbaceous Peony ◽  
Group I ◽  
Surface Ornamentation ◽  
Axis Length

The pollen morphology of 26 cultivars of herbaceous peony (Paeonia L.) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollen grains of the cultivars were mostly subprolate to perprolate, tricolporate, or ellipsoidal in equatorial view, but rounded-trifid in polar view. The poles of pollen grains were mainly flat when viewed in cross-section and only a few appeared to have a circular or arc shape. In addition, the surface of the pollen grains was psilate, and the muri were partly or fully protuberant with a reticulate surface sculpture. However, the shapes and sizes of pollen grains as well as surface ornamentation varied significantly among cultivars with different chromosome numbers. The pollen grains from diploid cultivars were regular and full, and the reticulation holes were evenly distributed, while most of the pollen grains from triploid cultivars were empty flat shells with some heteromorphic pollen whose surface ornamentation was mostly rugulate-reticulate exine. The pollen grains from tetraploid cultivars were the largest although pollen morphology and surface ornamentation differed between Athena and Cream Delight. Six indices [polar axis length (P), equator axis length (E), P/E, pollen perforation diameter (D), ridge width (W), and D/W] were used in Q cluster analysis, which divided the 26 cultivars into three groups. Group I included eight diploid, four triploid, and one tetraploid cultivar. Group II included 12 triploid cultivars with complex genetic backgrounds. Group III included only one tetraploid cultivar Cream Delight. This work may provide an important palynological basis for studying taxonomy and hybrid breeding of herbaceous peony cultivars.

scholarly journals Pollen production and characteristics of pollen grains in two species of Camassia Lindl. (Hyacinthaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Beata Żuraw
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Pollen Production

In the years 1999-2001 the study was carried out in the area of UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin. Plants of <i>Camassia cusickii</i> S.Wats. and <i>Camassia leichtlinii</i> (Bak.) S.Wats. bloomed in May. During a day peak, of flowering occurred at 17.00 h. All anthers shed pollen simultaneously, just after tepals were expanded. Ten flowers produce 10.6-12.8 mg of pollen. The pollen viability ranged from 58 to 92%. The length of longitudinal equatorial axis (E) in <i>Camassia</i> Lindl. pollen grains reached 57,7 µm.

scholarly journals Flowering Biological Characteristics of Camellia weiningensis Y.K. Li.

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hongli Wei ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Jie Qiu ◽  
Li Long ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Full Flowering

This study aimed to investigate the flowering biological characteristics, floral organ characteristics, and pollen morphology of Camellia weiningensis Y.K. Li. These features of adult C. weiningensis plants were observed via light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollen viability and stigma receptivity were detected using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazole chloride (TTC) staining and the benzidine–hydrogen peroxide reaction method. C. weiningensis is monoecious, with alternate leaves and glabrous branchlets. Its flowering period lasts 2 to 4 months, and the flowering time of individual plants lasts ≈50 days, with the peak flowering period from the end of February to the middle of March. It is a “centralized flowering” plant that attracts a large number of pollinators. Individual flowers are open for 12 to 13 days, mostly between 1230 and 1630 hr, and include four to six sepals, six to eight petals, ≈106 stamens, an outer ring of ≈24.6-mm-long stamens, an inner ring of ≈13.4-mm-long stamens, one pistil, and nine to 12 ovules. The flowers are light pink. The style is two- to three-lobed and 16.6 mm long, showing a curly “Y” shape. The contact surface of the style is covered with papillary cells and displays abundant secretory fluid and a full shape, facilitating pollen adhesion. The pollen is rhombohedral cone-shaped, and there are germ pores (tremoids). The groove of the germ pore is slender and extends to the two poles (nearly reaching the two poles). The pollen is spherical in equatorial view and trilobate in polar view. The pollen vitality was highest at the full flowering stage, and the stigma receptivity was greatest on days 2 to 3 of flowering. The best concentration of sucrose medium for pollen germination was 100 g/L. The number of pollen grains per anther was ≈2173, and the pollen-to-ovule ratio was 23,034:1. C. weiningensis is cross-pollinated. Seventy-two hours after cross-pollination, the pollen tube reached the base, and a small part entered the ovary. The time when the pollen tube reached the base after pollination was later than that in commonly grown Camellia oleifera. The results of this study might lay an important foundation for the flowering management, pollination time selection, and cross-breeding of C. weiningensis.

scholarly journals Pollen morphology and the flower visitors of Chaerophyllum coloratum L. (Apiaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marina Mačukanović-Jocić ◽  
Danijela Stešević ◽  
Dragana Rančić ◽  
Zora Dajić Stevanović
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Polar View ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Polar Caps ◽  
Equatorial Diameter

Abstract The pollen features of Chaerophyllum coloratum L., endemic to the Dinaric Alps, have been examined by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to contribute to a better understanding of the taxonomic status of the species. Flower visitors have also been observed and analyzed with the aim of clarifying certain pollination aspects of the species including flower attractiveness especially to honeybees, and also in order to ascertain its contribution to the bee pasture. The pollen grains of C. coloratum are isopolar, radially symmetrical and medium sized. Polar axis (P) is 26.83±1.77 μm length, and equatorial diameter (E) is 9.17±0.57 μm length. P/E ratio amounts 2.90±0.10 indicating a perprolate shape. In an equatorial view, the grains are constricted in the equatorial region (bone-shaped), with obtuse polar caps. In polar view, they are triangular with obtuse angles and furrows in the sides of the triangle (interangular). The grains are tricolporate with three straight ectocolpi arranged regularly meridionally, of mean length 14.43±2.17 μm, each of which has one endopore. The characteristic internal thickenings around the protruding, clearly visible endopores (costae) in the constricted equatorial region are obvious in light microscopy. The ornamentation is psilate, irregularly rugulate (“cerebroid”), the exine surface is rather undulating. With regard to the observed flower visitors, the following pollination types occurred: melittophily, myophily, sapromyophily, cantharophily, and phalaenophily, and the most frequent pollinator was the honeybee.

scholarly journals Biological value and morphological traits of pollen of selected garlic species Allium L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Żuraw
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Germination Of Pollen

This study was conducted in the years 1997-1999. From the collection of the UMCS Botanical Garden, nine species of garlic were selected (<i>A. aflatunense</i>, <i>A. atropurpureum</i>, <i>A. caeruleum</i>, <i>A. cernuum</i>, <i>A. ledebourianum</i>, <i>A. lineare</i>, <i>A. sphaerocephalon</i>, <i>A. victorialis</i>, <i>A. ursinum</i>) and one subspecies (<i>A. scorodoprasum</i> subsp. <i>jajlae</i>). Pollen grain viability was evaluated on microscopic slides stained with acetocarmine, germination ability on the agar medium and measurements of grains were made on glycerin jelly slides. The studied species were characterized by high pollen viability (87-99%) what indicates the great value of garlic flowers as a source of protein-rich feed for honey-bee and wild pollinating insects. Very low germination of pollen on the agar medium was recorded. The length of the equatorial longitudinal axis ranged from 24.3 µm to 37.5 µm and it allowed pollen of most garlic species to be classified as medium-sized grains and only the pollen of <i>A. caeruleum</i> and <i>A. cernuum</i> was included in the group of small-sized grains.

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