scholarly journals The occurrence of postharvest diseases on apples resistant to scab

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bryk ◽  
Dorota Kruczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Bull's Eye

The occurrence of storage diseases on fruit of seven scab resistant apple cultivars (Freedom, Rajka, Topaz, Rubinola, Enterprise, Goldstar, GoldRush) grafted on M.9 was investigated in 2001-2005. The trees were planted in 1995. It was found that after storage (4 and 6 months at 2<sup>°</sup>C, 85-90% RH) the most severe appeared to be bull's eye rot (<i>Pezicula</i> spp.). The most sensitive cultivars to this disease were: Topaz, Freedom, Goldstar, the least sensitive were Rubinola, Enterprise, Rajka. Other postharvest diseases like gray mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), blue mold (<i>Penicillium expansum</i>) and brown rot (<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>) were not common. 'Rajka' and 'Goldstar' were susceptible to bitter pit, and 'Freedom' to superficial scald.

scholarly journals Laboratory effect of Boni Protect containing Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnoud in the control of some fungal diseases of apple fruit

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wagner ◽  
Beata Hetman ◽  
Marek Kopacki ◽  
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska ◽  
Paweł Krawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The efficacy of <em>Aureobasidium pullulans </em>(in the biopreparation Boni Protect) against different pathogens of apples (<em>Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena, Penicillium expansum, </em>and <em>Pezicula malicorticis</em>) was evaluated under laboratory con- ditions. The biocontrol product was applied at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. Fruits of apple cultivars 'Jonagold Decosta' and 'Pinova' were used. Boni Protect was very effective against <em>B. cinerea </em>on cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', reducing disease incidence by 55–83.8%. On 'Pinova' apples, this biological control product was the most efficient at earlier stages of the experiment. It inhibited grey mold by 65% after 5 days from inoculation and only by 14% after 20 days. On cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', Boni Protect at a concentration of 0.1% was also effective against <em>M. fructigena</em>, reducing brown rot by 31.4–74.5%, but its efficiency on cv. 'Pinova' was not significant. Blue mold caused by <em>P. expansum </em>was inhibited only slightly by the biocontrol product, while <em>P. malicorticis </em>proved to be the most resistant to its antagonistic abilities.

scholarly journals The Use of Vinegar Vapor to Reduce Postharvest Decay of Harvested Fruit

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 151a
Author(s):  
Peter Sholberg ◽  
Paula Haag ◽  
Rod Hocking ◽  
Karen Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Wine Vinegar ◽  
White Vinegar

Vapors of several common vinegars containing 4.2% to 6.0% (= 2.5 to 3.6 mol·L-1) acetic acid effectively prevented conidia of brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey], gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.), and blue mold (Penicillium expansum Link) from germinating and causing decay of stone fruit (Prunus sp.), strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne), and apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.), respectively. Fruit were fumigated in 12.7-L sealed containers in which vinegar was dripped on to filter paper wicks or vaporized by heating from an aluminum receptacle. Vapor from 1.0 mL of red wine vinegar (6.0% acetic acid) reduced decay by M. fructicola on `Sundrop' apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) from 100% to 0%. Similarly, vapor from 1.0 mL of white vinegar (5.0% acetic acid) reduced decay in strawberries by B. cinerea from 50% to 1.4%. Eight different vinegars, ranging from 4.2% to 6.0% acetic acid, of which 0.5 mL of each vinegar was heat-vaporized, reduced decay by P. expansum to 1% or less in `Jonagold' apples. The volume of heat-vaporized white vinegar (5.0% acetic acid) necessary to reduce decay by P. expansum on `Jonagold' apples to zero was 36.6 μL·L-1 of air. Increasing the number of conidia on the apple surface reduced the effectiveness of vinegar vapor. The number of lesions caused by P. expansum on `McIntosh' apple decreased exponentially with increasing time of fumigation, approaching zero after about 6 hours. These results suggest that vinegar vapor could be an effective alternative to liquid biocides such as sodium hypochlorite for sterilization of surfaces contaminated by conidia of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals The Use of Vinegar Vapor to Reduce Postharvest Decay of Harvested Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sholberg ◽  
Paula Haag ◽  
Rod Hocking ◽  
Karen Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Wine Vinegar ◽  
White Vinegar

Vapors of several common vinegars containing 4.2% to 6.0% (= 2.5 to 3.6 mol·L-1) acetic acid effectively prevented conidia of brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey], gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.), and blue mold (Penicillium expansum Link) from germinating and causing decay of stone fruit (Prunus sp.), strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne), and apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.), respectively. Fruit were fumigated in 12.7-L sealed containers in which vinegar was dripped on to filter paper wicks or vaporized by heating from an aluminum receptacle. Vapor from 1.0 mL of red wine vinegar (6.0% acetic acid) reduced decay by M. fructicola on `Sundrop' apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) from 100% to 0%. Similarly, vapor from 1.0 mL of white vinegar (5.0% acetic acid) reduced decay in strawberries by B. cinerea from 50% to 1.4%. Eight different vinegars, ranging from 4.2% to 6.0% acetic acid, of which 0.5 mL of each vinegar was heat-vaporized, reduced decay by P. expansum to 1% or less in `Jonagold' apples. The volume of heat-vaporized white vinegar (5.0% acetic acid) necessary to reduce decay by P. expansum on `Jonagold' apples to zero was 36.6 μL·L-1 of air. Increasing the number of conidia on the apple surface reduced the effectiveness of vinegar vapor. The number of lesions caused by P. expansum on `McIntosh' apple decreased exponentially with increasing time of fumigation, approaching zero after about 6 hours. These results suggest that vinegar vapor could be an effective alternative to liquid biocides such as sodium hypochlorite for sterilization of surfaces contaminated by conidia of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Distribution and Incidence of Sphaeropsis Rot in Apple in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Gray Mold ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis rot, caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens, is a recently recognized postharvest disease of apple in Washington State. To determine the distribution and incidence of this disease as well as other postharvest diseases, decayed fruit were sampled during packing or pre-sizing operations in commercial fruit packinghouses from 26, 72, and 81 grower lots in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Fungi associated with decayed fruit were isolated and identified. The most common postharvest diseases of apple in the region were blue mold caused by Penicillium spp., primarily P. expansum, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and Sphaeropsis rot, accounting for 32, 28, and 17% of the decayed fruit, respectively. Percentages of these diseases in the total decayed fruit varied from lot to lot. Bull's eye rot caused by Neofabraea spp. was responsible for 13.4% of the total decay and was most prevalent on Golden Delicious. Other minor diseases included speck rot caused by Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis, Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria spp., Mucor rot caused by Mucor piriformis, and core rot caused by a group of fungi, primarily Alternaria spp. Sphaeropsis stem-end rot was more common than calyx-end rot on Golden Delicious, whereas Sphaeropsis calyx-end rot was more common than stem-end rot on Fuji. On Red Delicious, both stem-end rot and calyx-end rot were common. Sphaeropsis rot resulting from infections through the fruit peel was more commonly seen on Golden Delicious and Fuji than on Red Delicious. The percentage of gray mold was higher on nondrenched fruit than on fruit drenched with thiabendazole (TBZ), whereas blue mold was more prevalent on TBZ-drenched fruit. Our results indicate that Sphaeropsis rot is an important component of storage rots of apples in Washington State.

Biocontrol of postharvest diseases of apple using Bacillus spp. isolated from stored apples

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg ◽  
A. Marchi ◽  
J. Bechard
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Ninety-five bacterial isolates were recovered from 38 of 77 apples that had been stored at 1 °C for 6–7 months. The highest number of bacteria were recovered in nutrient, dextrose, and V8 juice broths, respectively. The bacteria were screened as biocontrol agents on cultivar Red Delicious apples primarily for control of blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Three bacteria effective against P. expansum were also tested against Botrytis cinerea for control of gray mold. Ten, four, and five isolates significantly reduced blue mold decay when apples were stored at 5, 10, and 20 °C. Two isolates tested against gray mold decay significantly reduced decay at 5 and 10 °C and one isolate was effective at 20 °C. Thirty-six isolates that had been selected for identification by the Biolog Microstation™ System were Gram positive and contained endospores, and 30 of these were positively identified as Bacillus spp. Further testing of 15 isolates that were effective biocontrol agents identified 7 as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of 15 microbiological tests used for determining species within the genus Bacillus.Key words: endophytic, bacteria, biocontrol, postharvest.

scholarly journals Effects of Sequential Calcium Chloride, Ziram, and Yeast Orchard Sprays on Postharvest Decay of Pear

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1260-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sugar ◽  
J. M. Benbow ◽  
K. A. Powers ◽  
S. R. Basile
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Sequential Treatments ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
Integrated Program

The most effective nutritional, fungicidal, and biological control treatments previously evaluated for control of postharvest decay in pear were evaluated for 3 years as factorial treatments to determine the best combinations for an integrated program. Calcium chloride sprays during the growing season reduced incidence of side rot in each year and of blue mold in 1 year, while ziram was effective against side rot in 1 year and blue mold in 2 years. Ziram, but not calcium chloride, provided control of gray mold and bull's-eye rot. Application of the yeast Cryptococcus infirmominiatus to pear fruit 1 week before harvest at a concentration of 1.0 to 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml resulted in establishment of large populations of yeast on fruit surfaces, but did not reduce postharvest fungal decay incidence in 3 years of testing. In 1 year, ziram sprays applied 2 weeks before harvest significantly reduced yeast populations on fruit subsequently treated with C. infirmo-miniatus. Sequential treatments with calcium chloride and ziram are indicated in an integrated program to take advantage of their differential effectiveness to broaden the range of control of pear postharvest decay pathogens.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Incidence of Phacidiopycnis Rot in d'Anjou Pears in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Organic Orchards

Phacidiopycnis rot, caused by Phacidiopycnis piri, is a newly recognized postharvest disease in pear fruit (Pyrus communis cv. d'Anjou) in the United States. To determine the prevalence and incidence of this disease, decayed fruit were sampled during packing and repacking operations from four packinghouses in 2001 and 2002. During March to May (repacking) in 2001, Phacidiopycnis rot was found in packed fruit that were stored in cardboard boxes from 22 of 26 grower lots (orchards), and accounted for 5 to 71% of the total decay. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. accounted for an average of 34.1, 10.3, and 33.6% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 22.8, 35.7, and 23.5% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. During November 2001 to January 2002 (packing), Phacidiopycnis rot was observed in fruit that were stored in field bins before packing from 30 of 33 grower lots, accounting for 18.4% of decayed fruit sampled. During March to May in 2002, Phacidiopycnis rot was responsible for 2 to 68% of decayed fruit sampled from 36 of 39 grower lots. Phacidiopycnis rot, gray mold, and blue mold accounted for an average of 19.6, 26.8, and 37.4% of decayed fruit from conventional orchards, respectively; and 42.2, 25.7, and 8.2% of decayed fruit from organic orchards, respectively. Most Phacidiopycnis rot that occurred in field bins before packing appeared to originate from wound infections; whereas after packing, approximately 60 and 30% of Phacidiopycnis rot originated from stem and calyx infections, respectively. This study indicates that Phacidiopycnis rot should be considered one of the targets for control of postharvest diseases in d'Anjou pears in the region.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of brown rot on two apple cultivars in an organic apple orchard

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
J. Gáll
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Apple Cultivars

In a two-year-study, the temporal development of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on fruits was analysed in an organic apple orchard on an early (Prima) and one late (Idared) maturing cultivars at Debrecen-Józsa in Hungary. Out of five mathematical functions (linear, exponential, three-parameter logistic, Gompertz, Bertalanffy-Mitscherlich), the three-parameter logistic function gave the best fit to brown rot incidence of all cultivars in both years. Disease progress started at the end of June for cv. Prima and at the end of July for cv. Idared, then disease increased continuously from 6-8 weeks up to harvest in all cultivars. Descriptive disease variates derived from the three-parameter logistic function were used to analyse disease progress. These were: Yf, the final disease incidence; Y55, fruit incidence at day 55; Y95, fruit incidence at day 95; b and q, the relative and the absolute rate of disease progress, respectively; T1.5, the time when disease incidence reaches 1.5 %; M, the inflection point and AUDPC, area under disease progress curve. Descriptive disease variates were significantly different (P<0.05) for cv. Prima compared to cv. Idared, except for the relative and absolute rate of disease increase, b and q, respectively. The largest differences among cultivars were in the values of the AUDPC. Disease progress curves and descriptive disease variates were presented and the practical implications of the results were discussed.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Sholberg ◽  
Paul Randall
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Apple Slices

Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L−1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L−1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum, but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L−1) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L−1) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.

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