Chain of Custody

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-699
Author(s):  
Tony Rotherham
Keyword(s):  
Forest Product ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Product Certification ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
A Chain

A chain of custody provides a link between the forest of origin and the forest product at point of sale. Several systems have been proposed, strengths and weaknesses, problems and solutions are discussed.I will address two aspects of Chain of Custody.• What is it?• What benefits will it bring to Canadian forestry?Chain of Custody can be broadly defined as a system or way to provide a link between the Forest of Origin and a Forest Product at point of sale. Chain of Custody is usually associated with the broader subject of Forest Certification or Forest Product Certification. At least three types of approaches have been proposed. Each has its strengths and weaknesses.

scholarly journals Possible impact of forest product certification on the worldwide forest environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André Côté
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Wood Product ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Product Certification ◽  
Marketing Tool

Supporters of forest and wood product certification are generally seeking to improve forest management and to ensure market access to forest products. Although wood products certification can be seen as an interesting marketing tool, it is doubtful whether it will improve forest management at the international level. Forest and wood product certification is already seen as a complementary tool to other existing instruments such as regulations and subsidies. However, a closer analysis shows that certification could be focused on the wrong countries, management units, scales of management, actors and problems to be potentially effective. This article aims to assess the possible impact of certification processes on the worldwide forest environment. The identification of possible limitations of forest product certification process could help to make that instrument more effective. Key words: forest certification, environmental impact

Digital Chain of Custody

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Matthew N.O. Sadiku ◽  
Adebowale E. Shadare ◽  
Sarhan M. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Digital Investigation ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Admissible Evidence ◽  
Investigation Process

Digital chain of custody is the record of preservation of digital evidence from collection to presentation in the court of law. This is an essential part of digital investigation process.  Its key objective is to ensure that the digital evidence presented to the court remains as originally collected, without tampering. The chain of custody is important for admissible evidence in court. Without a chain of custody, the opposing attorney can challenge or dismiss the evidence presented. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief introduction to the concept of digital chain custody.

Forest certification costs and global forest product markets and trade: a general equilibrium analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1731-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbang Gan
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Product Markets ◽  
Regional Forest

The impacts of forest certification costs on the output, price, and trade of forest products were assessed via computable general equilibrium modeling under various scenarios representing tropical, temperate, and global forest certification. Despite causing more severe and extensive impacts, global certification seems more acceptable than regional certification to major timber-producing countries. The regions that would suffer the most from global certification would not be major timber-producing regions, but major net importers of forest products like East Asia. With 5%–25% increases in forestry production costs resulting from certification, the world's forestry output would decline by 0.3%–5.1%, while the world price would rise by 1.6%–34.6%; impacts on global lumber and pulp and paper markets would be much more moderate. In general, forest certification would have larger impacts on trade and price than on output. While causing trade diversion and substitutions between tropical and temperate forest products and affecting regional forest product markets, forest certification would not substantially induce substitutions between wood and nonwood products at the global aggregate level. Because of the possible leakages (deforestation elsewhere) associated with regional certification and the land-use shifts resulting from sectoral production shifts at the regional level, forest certification may not necessarily curb tropical deforestation.

scholarly journals A DESIGN OF DIGITAL CHAIN CUSTODY FOR REPUBLIC OF IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Shireen M. Abed Zaid ◽  
Bayan M. Sabbar
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Application Software ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Investigation Process ◽  
Application Design

Chain of custody (COC) is a concept and process designed to ensure the integrity of evidence including digital evidence (DE). Also, it defines a set of procedures to document files according to its chronological [1].  In this paper, the authors design a Chain of custody application software in order to document all digital evidence in order to ensure its integrity. Thus, a chain of custody application design to document the digital evidence from the time it collected to the time where the evidence actually presented at the court to ensure the digital evidence integrity and authenticity. It can help the investigator to follow clear documentation during the investigation process because of the conventional method considered a problematic issue when it used for digital evidence. In addition to physical evidence and digital evidence have different features and characteristics.The Chain of Custody application for digital evidence is designed using the SQL and XML [3] schema approach to save case information and compute DE hash value. then compare it with its value stores in the COC tab. This solution comes as one of the solutions to enrich the existing solution of the digital chain of custody.

Forest certification and Canadian forestry — An overview and update

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Armson
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Social Market ◽  
Forest Conditions

Forest certification is the identification and recognition that a forest management system and the specific forest to which it is applied has met agreed-to standards and requirements. The relatively recent interest in certification stems from three intertwined roots. These are social, market-place and professional. It was the concept of sustainable development in the late 1980s which provided the soil in which the roots would flourish. The development of certification schemes has varied depending on whether or not the focus was on a forest product or the forest and its management. The use of external independent audits as central to the assurance of credibility for the certification process is generally accepted. Differences and disagreements about certification have related mainly to what was being certified, the process of developing standards, and who would control certification. All certification schemes must have international credibility if they are to address market-place concerns, and therefore they must be trade-neutral. Within the jurisdiction within which they operate, they should be equally applicable to all forest conditions and ownerships. The initiation of forest certification is a watershed for Canadian forestry and foresters.

scholarly journals Challenges for FSC Forest Certification: Audits in the Context of Pandemic COVID-19

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 997
Author(s):  
Adelin-Ionuț Nicorescu ◽  
Aureliu-Florin Hălălișan ◽  
Bogdan Popa ◽  
Nikolay Neykov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
The Future ◽  
Chain Of Custody

The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic difficulties for companies in forestry as well as significant issues for entities dealing with Chain of Custody (CoC) certification. Global certification schemes, like FSC and PEFC, based on some preventive provisions in their procedural frame, developed new approaches and derogations to maintain quality evaluation and the power of standards. Arising from COVID-19 restrictions, postponed audits (and the extension of the validity of existing certifications) or remote auditing became increasingly common. Based on a survey applied to companies that had CoC FSC audits in 2020, this study aimed at evaluating the perceptions of companies regarding the audits performed under COVID pandemic procedural derogations, along with other research objectives like the continuous investigation of certification drivers or advantages. Companies indicated that the certification bodies explained the characteristics of pandemic-adapted audits and conducted risk assessments before choosing the adapted approach. Almost half of the companies perceived significant differences between the on-site previous audits and the audits performed during the pandemic due to the imposed restrictions and adapted approaches. Additionally, companies found that hybrid or remote audits are not so efficient, and for the future on-site audits are preferred. The study concluded that making the auditing procedures less interactional is not yet a sufficiently mature approach; there is a clear need for better procedures, building online tools usage capacity, to better communicate the specificity of such procedures better, and to better balance the online evaluations with on-site assessments.

Processes Organization for Creating Competitive Products and Production Services of an Industrial Enterprise: Management Problems and Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
D.G. Lyakhovich
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Industrial Enterprise ◽  
Product Certification ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Competitive Products

This work has investigated analysis results of management problems and solutions to the processes organization for creating competitive products and production services of an industrial enterprise which were presented in the scientific reports of the section "Economics and organization of mechanical engineering production" of the All-Russian conference of young scientists and specialists (with international participation) titled "The future of mechanical engineering in Russia", held from September 22 to 25, 2020 at the BMSTU, substantiated the development relevance of scientific research specialty "Organization of production". This specialty includes the development of scientific, methodological,and system-technical foundations for the design of organizational structures of enterprises and organization of production processes. It also includes development of methods and means of informatization and computerization of production processes, their documentary support at all stages; development of scientific, methodological and system-technical principles for increasing the efficiency of the functioning and quality of the organization of production systems; improving the quality and competitiveness of products, quality control systems and product certification; development and implementation of the production management principles, including the training of personnel and the effectiveness of labor organization forms; analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical solutions; development of methods and tools for planning and managing production processes and their results. This work has been addressed to specialists in the field of theory and practice of organization of production

Private cost-benefits of voluntary forest product certification

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Chen ◽  
J.L Innes ◽  
A Tikina
Keyword(s):  
Forest Product ◽  
Product Certification ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Private Cost
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