Fitting Taper Equations from Standing Trees

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. James ◽  
A. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Prediction Function ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Thickness Prediction ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Taper Equations ◽  
Taper Model

Taper equations from standing trees were developed for 32 major groups of the commercial species of British Columbia by applying outside bark data to an accepted taper model (the Whole-Bole system). Tests of this model on all groups show that estimates of volume, diameters inside bark at different heights, and heights for different diameters are sufficiently accurate and precise for practical use. In some cases, standing tree estimates are more reliable than those produced from the inside bark taper equations currently used in British Columbia. Including a bark thickness prediction function in the model would improve the reliability of estimation.Taper data can be obtained from standing trees accurately and inexpensively with a Barr & Stroud dendrometer. Because of this method of data collection is more efficient than felled tree measurement, these standing tree taper equations have great potential for use in local situations and where nondestructive samples are required.

scholarly journals Equations for Estimating Bark Volume and Thickness of Commercial Trees in British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kozak ◽  
R. C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Taper Equations ◽  
Volume Equations

Volume and thickness of bark were studied for 32 species groups of British Columbia. Over 32,000 trees constituted the data base to derive bark volume equations. Because of its simplicity and good predictive power, the equation of Vb = a'HTbDBHcBTd is recommended for bark volume prediction. The possibility to develop bark taper equations and to estimate bark thickness at any given height above breast height were also investigated.

Bark Thickness and Bark Volume in Southwestern Oregon Douglas-Fir

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Maguire ◽  
David W. Hann
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Taper Equation ◽  
Taper Equations ◽  
Height Predictions

Abstract A segmented polynomial taper equation for southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) predicts double bark thickness (dbt) at any point above breast height. Below breast height predictions assume conformity to a neiloid frustrum. The equations facilitate estimation of inside bark diameter (dib) given outside bark (dob) measurements. Bark volume and bark biomass can also be estimated when supplemented with existing dib taper equations developed for southwestern Oregon. West J. Appl. For. 5(1):5-8.

Late Holocene glacial history of Scimitar Glacier, Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1195-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Craig ◽  
Dan J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Coast Mountains ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacial Expansion

Scimitar Glacier originates below the northeast face of Mt. Waddington in the southern British Columbia Coast Mountains and flows 18 km down valley to calve into a proglacial lake. At several locations, downwasting of the glacier surface has exposed stacked till units separated by wood-bearing horizons in the proximal slopes of lateral moraines flanking the glacier. Historical moraine collapse and erosional breaching has also revealed the remains of standing trees buried in moraine-dammed lake sediments. Radiocarbon and tree-ring dating show that Scimitar Glacier expanded down valley at least three times in the late Holocene. The earliest evidence found for ice expansion indicates Scimitar Glacier was advancing in 3167–2737 cal years BP in association with the regional Tiedemann Advance. Following this advance, the glacier downwasted prior to expanding in 1568–1412 cal years BP during the First Millennial Advance. A final period phase of moraine construction was initiated during late Little Ice Age glacial expansion before A.D. 1742 and extended until at least A.D. 1851, after which Scimitar Glacier began to recede and downwaste. This record is comparable to that recorded at other glaciers in the southern British Columbia Coast Mountains and confirms the long-term relationship between regional climate trends and glacier behaviour in this setting.

scholarly journals Woody charcoal with traces of pre-charring decay from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) of Norken (Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, W Germany)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Dieter Uhl ◽  
Michael Wuttke ◽  
André Jasper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Surface Fire ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Different Diameters

A variety of traces of pre-charring decay are described from coniferous charcoals from the Norken locality, stratigraphically positioned within the Breitscheid Formation (Late Oligocene, Chattian) of the Westerwald area (Rhineland-Palatinate; W Germany). The traces include three-dimensionally preserved as well as collapsed fungal hyphae, collapsed filamentous structures (maybe related to ascomycetes), so-called shot-like holes of different diameters in cell walls of tracheids, as well as crater-like structures on the surface of tracheid walls. The latter occur on tracheids with bordered pits, in the direct vicinity of charred phloem (so far only rarely reported from pre-Quaternary charcoal). These observations, together with evidence that some of the charcoal fragments originated from wood that dried out prior to charring, point to a surface fire as the most likely source of the charcoal, although it cannot totally be ruled out that (partly) dead but still standing trees were affected during a crown fire. The data from the Late Oligocene of Norken provide further evidence that pre-Quaternary charcoal can be used as an additional, so far largely underutilized source for additional information about plant– microorganism interactions in deep time.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration in the Standing Trees at the Amrai Park of Sangli City (Maharashtra – 416 416)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Narendra Anant Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Plant Forms

Plants are known to absorb the atmospheric carbon by photosynthesis. This absorbed carbon is stored in various organic forms and helps to produce the biomass. The absorption of the atmospheric carbon is depend on the structure and life form of the plants. Trees dominate this process. Greater and taller is the size of the tree more is the amount of carbon fixed. Hence trees are the major plant forms to absorb maximum atmospheric carbon and biomass production. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to calculate the carbon sequestration of 22 standing tree species in Amrai Park of Sangli city. The biomass and total organic carbon of standing trees is estimated by the non destructive method. The population of Swieteniamahagoni(C) Jacq.is more in the campus and it sequestrates the 77509.25 lbs carbon/year.

Relationships between acoustic variables and different measures of stiffness in standing Pinus taeda trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R. Mora ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Fikret Isik ◽  
Jerry M. Mahon ◽  
Alexander Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Static Stiffness ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Acoustic Velocities ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Good Agreement

Acoustic tools are increasingly used to estimate standing-tree (dynamic) stiffness; however, such techniques overestimate static stiffness, the standard measurement for determining modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood. This study aimed to identify correction methods for standing-tree estimates making dynamic and static stiffness comparable. Sixty Pinus taeda L. trees, ranging from 14 to 19 years old, obtained from genetic tests established in the southeastern United States, were analyzed. Standing-tree acoustic velocities were measured using the TreeSonic tool. Acoustic velocities were also recorded in butt logs cut from the same trees using the Director HM200. A strong but biased relationship between tree and log velocities was observed, with tree velocities 32% higher (on average) than the corresponding log velocities. Two correction methods, one for calibrating tree velocities and one for accounting for differences in wood moisture content, were used to determine an adjusted MOE. After correction, adjusted MOE estimates were in good agreement with static longitudinal MOE values measured on clearwood specimens obtained from the trees, and no systematic bias was observed. The results of this study show that acoustic estimates of MOE on standing trees largely depend on how the data are processed and the reference method used.

Potentials for Controlling Bark Percentage of the Commercial Tree Species of British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith ◽  
A. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Guide Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Standard Deviations

Diameters inside and outside bark from 13 sections were used to define variation in bark percentages for 33 844 trees representing 28 major groups of the commercial tree species of British Columbia. The range of age, height, dbh, and dbh/height associated with each group was determined. Statistical significance of effects of these factors and of up to 12 inventory zones was determined for double bark thickness as a percentage of dbh. Bole bark volumes were compared with wood volumes for trees exceeding two standard deviations of bark percentage at breast height. Thick barked trees were more common and a few have equal portions of wood and bark. Our description of the characteristics of the trees with least or most bark should help guide tree improvement programs. Identification of the extent to which stand factors can influence average bark characteristics may help timber managers grow trees of desired bark proportions.

scholarly journals Study on the Retention and Distributions of the Copper-Based Preservative in Standing Tree Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youhua Fan ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Ninghua Yu ◽  
Layun Deng ◽  
Zejun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Preservative Solutions

In spite of some studies about the wood permeability and its improving measures, some progress has been made to study the diffusion and transmission of preservative solutions in standing trees. In the present study, copper- (Cu-) based preservative with other reagents is injected into the standing treeChinese firusing sap-flow method. The chemical compositions of the retreated woods are analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The samples from different height positions are analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to obtain microstructures and preservative retention, respectively. The results indicate that the preservative solutions with lower concentrations are more conducive to diffusion and transmission in the wood. Moreover, the preservative retention at different height position has a greater concentration gradient for composite preservative solutions than those of the single preservative solutions. Solidified preservative particles are observed in xylem rays with SEM. The results of the present study provide some useful information for the functional design of the target wood products.

scholarly journals Comparison of Optical Dendrometers for Prediction of Standing Tree Volume

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Parker ◽  
Thomas G. Matney
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Profile Equation ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Enhanced sets of compatible stem profile equations were used with data collected from felled and standing pine trees to calculate tree volumes to various top merchantability limits. Standing trees were measured with the Criterion 400 Laser, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism. These measurements were used to compare accuracies of the optical dendrometers for the measurement of tree dbh and height and the prediction of tree volume from stem profile equations. The Criterion 400 Laser was more accurate for dbh and total height measurement than was the Tele-Relaskop or the Wheeler Pentaprism, but the accuracy differences are not significantly different in a practical sense. Mean percent differences in dbh measurement translated, in absolute units, to -0.05, +0.20, and -0.34 in. of the mean tree dbh for the Criterion 400, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism instruments, respectively. Mean percent differences in total height measurement translated, in absolute units, to 0.5, 1.6, and 1.7 ft, respectively, of the average tree height and were not practically different. The combined measurement data for dbh and dob16, indicated the Tele-Relaskop would produce more reliable volume results than the other instruments if the dendrometer measurements were used with form class volumes. Profile equations developed with felled-tree data produced the most consistent estimates of merchantable height and cubic foot volume to specified merchantable top limits. In general, the Criterion 400 produced the smallest mean differences in standing tree measurements and profile equation predictions of merchantable height and cubic foot volume. However, the Tele-Relaskop produced the most consistent tree measurement and profile prediction trends. The Wheeler Pentaprism was the least accurate of the three dendrometers. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):100-107.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF ALNIPHAGUS ASPERICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Standing Trees

AbstractThe alder bark beetle, Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte), is bivoltine on Burnaby Mountain, B.C. The principal spring attack occurred in May and the second generation attack from mid July to early August. Mature adults overwinter in shallow galleries underneath the bark while larvae, pupae, and callow adults overwinter in the brood galleries. Sporadic emergence occurred in warm periods throughout the winter but the first egg galleries were not observed until early March. Windfalls and standing trees were attacked.Adult sexes can be distinguished by the fused (female) or separate (male) seventh and eighth abdominal tergites. Females attack the host first and are soon joined by the males. Single egg galleries extending about 8 cm parallel to the length of the bole are most common. Eggs are laid on both sides of the gallery; the larvae mine outward at right angles to the egg gallery and then usually up or down the bole. Adult gallery construction and oviposition and larval mining habits were observed through plexiglass–bark "sandwiches," and are similar to those in the genus Ips. Pupation occurs in a chamber in the inner bark. Maturation from egg to callow adult required a minimum of 8 weeks.

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