Growth Response of Northern Hardwoods to Partial Cutting in Southern Ontario

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Ondro ◽  
David V. Love
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Tree Quality

To test the effect of three methods of partial cutting on diameter growth and tree quality, three treatments (a light improvement cut based on individual tree selection, an improvement cut based on group tree selection, and a commercial cut) were applied removing approximately 20% of the stand volume, and a control area chosen. The stands, made up of american beech (Fagus grandiflora Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum March.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), were located near Dorset, Haliburton County, Ontario, in the former University of Toronto Forest.Remeasurement data 10 years after cutting were used for treatment comparison. The commercial cut resulted in the greatest dbh increment. Although growth response was lower in the improvement cuts, most dbh increment occurred on trees of better quality. Dbh increment response was greater after group selection than individual tree selection.

scholarly journals Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (04) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Bruno Chicoine
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Selection Cutting

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2 plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.

Managing Appalachian Hardwood Stands Using Four Regeneration Practice—34-Year Results

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clay Smith ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Future Management

Abstract Adjacent Appalachian hardwood stands in West Virginia established on excellent growing sites were managed for a 34-year period using four regeneration practices. These practices included a commercial clearcut, 15.5-in diameter-limit, and two single-tree selection practices. An uncut area was maintained as a control. Stand development, growth response, and some stumpage revenue data were summarized for each treatment. At 34 years after the initial treatments, the commercial clearcut stand had the greatest variety of tree species for future management. This stand was dominated primarily by yellow-poplar and black locust. Selection and 15.5-in diameter-limit treatments promoted sugar maple on these excellent sites. Stand quality improved through management. After 34 years, the control area was worth $1,554/ac, and an intensively managed selection area was worth $1,214/ac, but the control area contained twice the sawtimber volume. Other preliminary value comparisons indicate that landowners benefit from some type of management compared to doing no management. North. J. Appl. For. 4:180-185, Dec. 1987.

Crown openness as influenced by tree and site characteristics for yellow birch, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Lou Lefrançois ◽  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Site Characteristics

Crown openness (CO) of mature trees influences light transmission within the forest canopy. However, in modeling, this variable is often considered constant within species, and its potential regional variability is ignored. The objective of this study was to evaluate if CO values of yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) vary according to the following factors: (i) species, (ii) regional actual evapotranspiration (AET), (iii) tree size (i.e., diameter at breast height, DBH), and (iv) angle of transmission from zenith. To achieve this, CO was evaluated for 136 yellow birches, 109 sugar maples, and 68 hemlocks from different regions of western Quebec, southern Ontario, and northern Michigan. Results showed that all of the studied factors affected CO. While dominant trees can intercept light laterally as well as vertically, smaller trees are more efficient at intercepting light vertically. Increasing AET is associated with more open crowns. Given its importance in light transmission in the understory, a better understanding of how CO varies between individuals, species, and regions is needed.

Leaf- and plant-level carbon gain in yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech seedlings from contrasting forest light environments

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
David W Hilbert ◽  
Ernest Lo ◽  
Zhang M Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Plant Level

Leaf-level photosynthetic-light response and plant-level daily carbon gain were estimated for seedlings of moderately shade-tolerant yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) growing in gaps and under a closed canopy in a sugar maple stand at Duchesnay, Que. All three species had a higher photosynthetic capacity (Amax) in the gaps than in shade, but yellow birch and beech responded more markedly than sugar maple to the increase in light availability. The high degree of plasticity observed in beech suggests that the prediction that photosynthetic plasticity should decrease with increasing shade tolerance may not hold when comparisons are made among a few late-successional species. Unit-area daily carbon gain (CA) was significantly higher in the gaps than in shade for all three species, but no significant difference was observed between light environments for plant-level carbon gain (CW). In shade, we found no difference of CA and CW among species. In gaps, beech had a significantly higher CA than sugar maple but similar to that of birch, and birch had a significantly higher CW than maple but similar to that of beech. Sugar maple consistently had lower carbon gains than yellow birch and beech but is nevertheless the dominant species at our study site. These results indicate that although plant-level carbon gain is presumably more closely related to growth and survival of a species than leaf-level photosynthesis, it is still many steps removed from the ecological success of a species.

scholarly journals Responses of Syrphids, Elaterids and Bees to Single-tree Selection Harvesting in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Nol ◽  
Hume Douglas ◽  
William J. Crins
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Selection Harvesting ◽  
Provincial Park ◽  
Capture Rates

The species composition of hoverflies (Syrphidae), click beetles (Elateridae), and bees (Apoidea) was studied to determine whether there was a positive response in these flower-seeking insect groups to gaps in the canopy created through single-tree selection harvesting of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis) in hardwood forests of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest region of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. There were significantly more hoverflies and bees collected in forest stands harvested within the previous five years than in wilderness zone (unharvested at least for 40 years) stands or stands harvested 15-20 years previously (old logged stands). Click beetles, especially Selatosomus pulcher (LeConte), were collected most often in old logged stands. Bees and click beetles were collected significantly later in the season in logged than in wilderness zone stands. Malaise traps resulted in higher capture rates for syrphids than pan traps, and only with these higher capture rates did we detect a significant increase in species richness in recently logged stands over that in wilderness stands. Changes in the numbers and phenology of flower-visiting insects may impact on reproductive success of flowering plants of the forest understory and deserves further study.

scholarly journals Long-term compositional changes following partial disturbance revealed by the resurvey of logging concession limits in the northern temperate forest of eastern Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Danneyrolles ◽  
Dominique Arseneault ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Compositional Changes

Land use changes that are linked to European settlement of North America have transformed northeastern temperate forest landscapes. Many studies report a regional increase of young early-successional forests due to high disturbance rates since the preindustrial era (fire, land clearing, and clear-cuts). In this study, we document specific compositional changes to present-day mature forest landscapes, which have only been managed with partial cutting (high-grading and diameter-limit cuts) since the preindustrial era in southwestern Quebec. We resurveyed 108 forest observations that were extracted from logbooks of former logging concession limits (surveyed between 1870 and 1890). Results highlight an increase in mid- to late-successional shade-tolerant taxa (Betula alleghaniensis Britton, Thuja occidentalis L., Acer saccharum Marsh.) at the expense of preindustrial dominant conifers (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Pinus strobus L.). Former logging activities and spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) outbreaks appear to be the main drivers of these changes, which were also strongly structured across the topographic gradient. To some extent, these results highlight the relevance of partial cutting management, as it has allowed long-term maintenance of a mid- to late-successional forest composition, while also pointing the need for P. strobus restoration. We conclude that by allowing site-specific comparisons, the resurvey of historical observations greatly improve the analytical strengths of historical reconstruction.

Distribution of Trace Metals within the Aboveground Phytomass of Acer saccharum Marsh, and Betula alleghaniensis Britt. at the Turkey Lakes Watershed

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (S1) ◽  
pp. s101-s106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Hogan ◽  
I. K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Trace Metal Concentration ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed ◽  
Cd Distribution

A study of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd distribution in Acer saccharum Marsh, (sugar maple) and Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (yellow birch) was carried out at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) in the District of Algoma, Ontario. Aboveground phytomass was dominated by stemwood (134 200 kg∙ha−1), stembark (19 300 kg∙ha−1), and branches > 2 cm (38 800 kg∙ha−1). Acer saccharum was the dominant species, accounting for 88% of the aboveground phytomass. The generalized phytomass trace metal concentration series for A. saccharum was Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and for B. alleghaniensis was Mn > Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Concentrations of metals were highest in the foliage or stembark and lowest in stemwood but, because of its large mass, stemwood generally contained the greatest amount of metal per tree and per hectare. Components of B. alleghaniensis contained higher Zn and Cd concentrations than did those of A. saccharum by a factor of between 4 and 10, an indication that B. alleghaniensis is an accumulator of these metals. Lead levels in all components were one-third to one-half those reported elsewhere, a reflection of lower deposition at TLW. Historical data from other sites in North America gave no indication that concentrations of essential trace metals in aboveground components were higher than normal for these species.

Effect of branch position and light availability on shoot growth of understory sugar maple and yellow birch saplings

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Goulet ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
Eero Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Vigour Index

Phenotypic plasticity enables tree saplings to change their morphology according to their environment to grow toward a better light micro-habitat. Therefore, processes of crown development could be expected to vary as a function of light. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effects of position and light availability on shoot growth within the crowns of understory saplings of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton.); (ii) develop a new vigour index for shoots; and (iii) evaluate the possible factors relating to branch mortality in the crown of sugar maple saplings. The results revealed that there is a clear branch position effect on shoot growth in the crown for yellow birch saplings and that it is partly related to the presence of two types of shoots. Dead branches were located at the bottom of the crown of sugar maple saplings; they were smaller in size, had wider angles and had lower indexes of vigour than live branches found nearby. Preliminary results obtained on the vigour index indicate that it is a potentially useful tool for predicting the growth and vigour status of a branch.Key words: shoot growth, branch position, light availability, branch mortality, sugar maple, yellow birch.

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