Distribution of Trace Metals within the Aboveground Phytomass of Acer saccharum Marsh, and Betula alleghaniensis Britt. at the Turkey Lakes Watershed

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (S1) ◽  
pp. s101-s106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Hogan ◽  
I. K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Trace Metal Concentration ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed ◽  
Cd Distribution

A study of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd distribution in Acer saccharum Marsh, (sugar maple) and Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (yellow birch) was carried out at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) in the District of Algoma, Ontario. Aboveground phytomass was dominated by stemwood (134 200 kg∙ha−1), stembark (19 300 kg∙ha−1), and branches > 2 cm (38 800 kg∙ha−1). Acer saccharum was the dominant species, accounting for 88% of the aboveground phytomass. The generalized phytomass trace metal concentration series for A. saccharum was Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and for B. alleghaniensis was Mn > Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Concentrations of metals were highest in the foliage or stembark and lowest in stemwood but, because of its large mass, stemwood generally contained the greatest amount of metal per tree and per hectare. Components of B. alleghaniensis contained higher Zn and Cd concentrations than did those of A. saccharum by a factor of between 4 and 10, an indication that B. alleghaniensis is an accumulator of these metals. Lead levels in all components were one-third to one-half those reported elsewhere, a reflection of lower deposition at TLW. Historical data from other sites in North America gave no indication that concentrations of essential trace metals in aboveground components were higher than normal for these species.

Crown openness as influenced by tree and site characteristics for yellow birch, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Lou Lefrançois ◽  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Site Characteristics

Crown openness (CO) of mature trees influences light transmission within the forest canopy. However, in modeling, this variable is often considered constant within species, and its potential regional variability is ignored. The objective of this study was to evaluate if CO values of yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) vary according to the following factors: (i) species, (ii) regional actual evapotranspiration (AET), (iii) tree size (i.e., diameter at breast height, DBH), and (iv) angle of transmission from zenith. To achieve this, CO was evaluated for 136 yellow birches, 109 sugar maples, and 68 hemlocks from different regions of western Quebec, southern Ontario, and northern Michigan. Results showed that all of the studied factors affected CO. While dominant trees can intercept light laterally as well as vertically, smaller trees are more efficient at intercepting light vertically. Increasing AET is associated with more open crowns. Given its importance in light transmission in the understory, a better understanding of how CO varies between individuals, species, and regions is needed.

Leaf- and plant-level carbon gain in yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech seedlings from contrasting forest light environments

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
David W Hilbert ◽  
Ernest Lo ◽  
Zhang M Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Plant Level

Leaf-level photosynthetic-light response and plant-level daily carbon gain were estimated for seedlings of moderately shade-tolerant yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) growing in gaps and under a closed canopy in a sugar maple stand at Duchesnay, Que. All three species had a higher photosynthetic capacity (Amax) in the gaps than in shade, but yellow birch and beech responded more markedly than sugar maple to the increase in light availability. The high degree of plasticity observed in beech suggests that the prediction that photosynthetic plasticity should decrease with increasing shade tolerance may not hold when comparisons are made among a few late-successional species. Unit-area daily carbon gain (CA) was significantly higher in the gaps than in shade for all three species, but no significant difference was observed between light environments for plant-level carbon gain (CW). In shade, we found no difference of CA and CW among species. In gaps, beech had a significantly higher CA than sugar maple but similar to that of birch, and birch had a significantly higher CW than maple but similar to that of beech. Sugar maple consistently had lower carbon gains than yellow birch and beech but is nevertheless the dominant species at our study site. These results indicate that although plant-level carbon gain is presumably more closely related to growth and survival of a species than leaf-level photosynthesis, it is still many steps removed from the ecological success of a species.

scholarly journals Responses of Syrphids, Elaterids and Bees to Single-tree Selection Harvesting in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Nol ◽  
Hume Douglas ◽  
William J. Crins
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Selection Harvesting ◽  
Provincial Park ◽  
Capture Rates

The species composition of hoverflies (Syrphidae), click beetles (Elateridae), and bees (Apoidea) was studied to determine whether there was a positive response in these flower-seeking insect groups to gaps in the canopy created through single-tree selection harvesting of Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and Yellow Birch (Betula alleghaniensis) in hardwood forests of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest region of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. There were significantly more hoverflies and bees collected in forest stands harvested within the previous five years than in wilderness zone (unharvested at least for 40 years) stands or stands harvested 15-20 years previously (old logged stands). Click beetles, especially Selatosomus pulcher (LeConte), were collected most often in old logged stands. Bees and click beetles were collected significantly later in the season in logged than in wilderness zone stands. Malaise traps resulted in higher capture rates for syrphids than pan traps, and only with these higher capture rates did we detect a significant increase in species richness in recently logged stands over that in wilderness stands. Changes in the numbers and phenology of flower-visiting insects may impact on reproductive success of flowering plants of the forest understory and deserves further study.

Growth Response of Northern Hardwoods to Partial Cutting in Southern Ontario

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Ondro ◽  
David V. Love
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Tree Quality

To test the effect of three methods of partial cutting on diameter growth and tree quality, three treatments (a light improvement cut based on individual tree selection, an improvement cut based on group tree selection, and a commercial cut) were applied removing approximately 20% of the stand volume, and a control area chosen. The stands, made up of american beech (Fagus grandiflora Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum March.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), were located near Dorset, Haliburton County, Ontario, in the former University of Toronto Forest.Remeasurement data 10 years after cutting were used for treatment comparison. The commercial cut resulted in the greatest dbh increment. Although growth response was lower in the improvement cuts, most dbh increment occurred on trees of better quality. Dbh increment response was greater after group selection than individual tree selection.

Effect of branch position and light availability on shoot growth of understory sugar maple and yellow birch saplings

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Goulet ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
Eero Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Vigour Index

Phenotypic plasticity enables tree saplings to change their morphology according to their environment to grow toward a better light micro-habitat. Therefore, processes of crown development could be expected to vary as a function of light. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effects of position and light availability on shoot growth within the crowns of understory saplings of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton.); (ii) develop a new vigour index for shoots; and (iii) evaluate the possible factors relating to branch mortality in the crown of sugar maple saplings. The results revealed that there is a clear branch position effect on shoot growth in the crown for yellow birch saplings and that it is partly related to the presence of two types of shoots. Dead branches were located at the bottom of the crown of sugar maple saplings; they were smaller in size, had wider angles and had lower indexes of vigour than live branches found nearby. Preliminary results obtained on the vigour index indicate that it is a potentially useful tool for predicting the growth and vigour status of a branch.Key words: shoot growth, branch position, light availability, branch mortality, sugar maple, yellow birch.

Variation in stem form and risk of four commercially important hardwood species in the Acadian Forest: implications for potential sawlog volume and tree classification systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1457-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Castle ◽  
Aaron Weiskittel ◽  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Mark Ducey ◽  
Jereme Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Stem Quality

Northern hardwood trees display a wide variety of stem forms and defects, which can substantially reduce their financial value and also complicate their silviculture. While attributes of stem form and defect have been incorporated into tree classification systems, their ability to assess product value and recovery in standing trees has not been adequately tested. To address this issue, we classified stem form and risk using a system developed by the Northern Hardwoods Research Institute (NHRI) for four species across several locations in Maine, New Hampshire, and New Brunswick: sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Using these data, we (i) quantified interspecific and regional variation in stem form and damage, (ii) related potential sawlog recovery to tree size, form, and risk, and (iii) compared the efficacy of the NHRI system with a commonly used classification system and a continuous measure of stem quality. High variation in both stem form and damage among the species was found, with red maple showing the largest range. A simplified NHRI system including three form classes proved to be sufficient in differentiating sawlog potential in individual trees, while a model using a continuous measure of stem quality (estimated merchantable sawlog height) performed best.

Effect of selection logging on Yellow-bellied Sapsucker sap-feeding habits in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1236-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Mancuso ◽  
Erica Nol ◽  
Dawn Burke ◽  
Ken Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Foraging Habitat ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Provincial Park

The sap-feeding behaviour of a keystone woodpecker species, the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus, 1766)), was compared between high-quality uncut stands and stands harvested with various forms of selection logging in the hardwood forests of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. We examined (i) the average distances that sapsuckers travelled from their nest tree to sapwell trees, (ii) the characteristics of active sapwell trees compared with overall stand characteristics, and (iii) the reuse of sapwell trees after 1 or 2 years. We found that sapsuckers travelled approximately the same average distance from their nests to sapwell trees, regardless of logging treatment. The characteristics of sapwell trees were overall unaffected by logging: unhealthy trees, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) were used at similar proportions to their stand-level availability in reference and harvested stands. Trees with old sapwells and large-diameter trees were used significantly more than their stand-level availability; thus the retention of these trees during tree-marking procedures may preserve sap foraging habitat. The reuse of sapwell trees did not vary between treatments, and on average, over half of the sapwell trees showed evidence of reuse the following year.

Adaptations of the photosynthetic apparatus of sun- and shade-grown yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1681-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade

Rates of apparent photosynthesis and dark respiration of 4-year-old yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings, grown in full light and shade (13% of full light), were measured with an infrared gas analyzer. Measurements were made periodically throughout the growing season, using either attached branches or entire seedlings. Effects of light intensities from 0 to 4500 ft-c on photosynthetic rates were studied, and comparisons made between young and old leaves and between photosynthetic rates in normal (300 p.p.m.) and saturating (1245 p.p.m.) CO2 concentration.The photosynthetic apparatus of yellow birch was found to adapt poorly to shaded conditions. In saturating light, the rate of apparent photosynthesis of young leaves of shade-grown seedlings was only half that of sun-grown seedlings; for old leaves the reduction was even greater. As a result, shade-grown seedlings had a lower photosynthetic capacity in saturating light despite their larger leaf area. In low light intensities, leaves of sun- and shade-grown seedlings had nearly the same rates of apparent photosynthesis. Rates of respiration of shade-grown seedlings were one-half those of sun-grown seedlings.When seedlings were exposed to light intensities comparable to those in which they were grown, their photosynthetic rates correlated with their dry matter production.When the CO2 concentration was raised to 1245 p.p.m., photosynthetic rates of leaves of sun- and shade-grown seedlings increased by the same relative amount. It is concluded that the poor adaptation of yellow birch to shade results from a reduction in content of carboxylating enzymes rather than changes in chlorophyll content or resistance to CO2 diffusion. Adaptations of yellow birch are contrasted with those of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.).

Integrating standing value estimations into tree marking guidelines to meet wood supply objectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Havreljuk ◽  
Alexis Achim ◽  
David Auty ◽  
Steve Bédard ◽  
David Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Wood Supply ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
The Impact

The identification of low-vigor trees with potential for sawlog production is a key objective of tree marking guidelines used for partial cuts in northern hardwoods. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of various vigor-related defects on the monetary value of hardwoods. To achieve this, we sampled 64 sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) and 32 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) trees from two locations in southern Quebec, Canada. We identified over 420 defects, which were grouped into 8 categories. The trees were then harvested and processed into lumber, and the value per unit volume of each stem was calculated from the value of the product assortment (lumber, chips, and sawdust). We found that visible evidence of fungal infections (sporocarps and (or) stroma) and cracks had the largest negative influence on value in both species. A model that included these defects was almost as good at predicting value as one that included a specifically designed quality classification. A more accurate assessment of value could be achieved using wood decay assessment tools and (or) by considering site-specific variables. Results from this study showed that visual identification of fungal infections and cracks could be used to enhance tree marking guidelines for hardwoods. This would meet both the silvicultural objective of selection cuts, by removing low-vigor trees, and the wood supply objective, by improving stem quality assessment prior to harvest.

scholarly journals YELLOW BIRCH REGENERATION ON SCARIFIED SEEDBEDS UNDER SMALL CANOPY OPENINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Hatcher
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Deer Browsing

Four years after establishment, an experiment in regenerating yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) on prepared seedbeds under one-tenth and one-quarter acre circular canopy openings created by cutting and girdling trees in a deteriorated tolerant hardwood stand indicates that all combinations of method and size resulted in satisfactory birch stocking. Yellow birch outgrew its principal competitor sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), underbrush competition has not jeopardized good birch survival, and deer browsing has been low.En vue d'étudier la régénération du bouleau jaune (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) sur des lits de germination préparés, des trouées de forme circulaire de 1/10 et 1/4 d'acre ont été pratiquées à l'aide de coupe et annelage dans un peuplement détérioré de feuillus tolérants. Quatre ans après le début de l'expérience le taux de germination du bouleau jaune était jugé satisfaisant pour toutes les combinaisons de méthodes employées et de dimensions des trouées. Le bouleau jaune a surpassé en croissance son principal compétiteur l'érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.), sa survivance n'a jamais été mise en péril par la competition de la strate arbustive et l'intensité du broutage par le chevreuil a été bas.

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