Effect of Balsam Woolly Aphid on Cone and Seed Production by Balsam Fir

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh O. Schooley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The size of cones and the quantity and quality of seed produced by balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, in five balsam woolly aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.), damage classes were compared. No cone or seed abnormalities that could be attributed to aphid infestation or the amount of aphid damage to the trees were detected. Also, the severity of aphid damage had no influence on the incidence of damage to cones and seed caused by cone insects. No balsam woolly aphids were found on cones.

DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SURVIVAL OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Staminate Flower ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractOver 95% of feeding balsam woolly aphids occur in crevices on balsam fir branches and the highest density occurs within the 3-year tip of branches. The crevices occur under the bud scales at nodes, the base of each season’s growth, and among staminate flower buds or among and within flower bracts. The abundance and survival of aphids as well as mortality factors vary with the location of the nodes in a branch, the type of branch, and aphid generation. The significant differences show that there are 9 to 13 strata within the 3-year tip of a branch. For ecological studies and measuring population levels, the cluster of aphids within a defined crevice, for example under the bud scale at the base of a cluster of shoots, can be selected as a sample unit.

SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1113-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Complex Distribution

AbstractThe balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae, has a complex distribution in the crown of trees; The sample universe and sample units are defined, and methods of detecting, monitoring, and measuring population levels at stated levels of confidence, accuracy, and assurance are described. Suggestions are given for sampling aphids on the stems of trees.

Releases in North America and Reviews of Bionomics in Europe of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), causes serious damage to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Eastern Canada. It was introduced from Europe before 1900 (Balch, 1952) and has also become established in the northeastern United States. In continental Europe A. piceae is common on Abies alba Mill. but is not so serious a pest as in Canada. It has an extensive complex of insect predators in both Canada (Balch, 1934) and Europe (Delucchi, 1954). Balch (1934, 1952) found those in Canada inadequate as control agents. Some of the predators of Pineus pini Koch and Pineus strobi (Htg.) studied by Wilson (1938) in England, and recommended for introduction to new areas, were imported to Canada and released against A. piceae. Predators were first introdnced from Ensland in 1933 and later from continental Europe beginning in 1951.

scholarly journals Cone production of balsam fir damaged by balsam woolly aphid

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh O. Schooley
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The effect of balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), damage on cone production by balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., was studied on 49 trees classified into six aphid damage classes. Results showed that there was no appreciable effect until damage exceeded the moderate level. Cone production on trees damaged beyond this level was seriously reduced but, since advanced damage is not reached by all trees simultaneously, it was concluded that adequate seed should be available for stand replacement.

BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), SEASONAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CROWNS OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Aphid Development

AbstractThe balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in Newfoundland is dimorphic and has three generations a year in the crowns of balsam fir trees. Two generations of the sistens, or diapausing form, predominate. Progredientes are more common than elsewhere in North America and occur on nearly all parts of a branch. They do not mature on current needles. The ratio of progredientes to sistentes is about 1:40 in balsam fir flowering years and 1:80 in non-flowering years. Aphid development in the spring is earliest at flowered internodes, 11 to 14 days later at 2-year-old nodes, a further 4 to 8 days later at older nodes, and latest at the shoot tips. Intra-crown and inter-tree differences in aphid development are small but measurable. Stratification of the tree crown is required for sampling during the first aphid generation.

DISTRIBUTION OF FIRST INSTAR NYMPHS OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA, AFTER COLONIZATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Unit ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractBalsam woolly aphid nymphs, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), settle primarily in the apical 3-year growth of a branch. This portion of a branch is a natural population unit that can be designated a sample universe for detailed studies of aphid survival and mortality.

Variations in the foliar amino acid composition of flowering and non-flowering balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in relation to outbreaks of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem))

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Apparent Correlation

The amino acids of new and old foliage of flowering and non-flowering balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were investigated using two-dimensional descending paper chromatography. The data were analyzed for variation associated with age of foliage, age of tree, and flowering condition. The concentration of foliar amino acids was greater in balsam fir than in white spruce, and greater in new foliage than old foliage.The difference in concentration between foliage of flowering and non-flowering trees was smaller. However, the new foliage of flowering fir had higher levels of most of the amino acids examined than any other foliage category. This appears to reflect the known suitability of these foliage categories for spruce budworm larvae. While the data presented do not quantify the ecological significance of this apparent correlation, they do support the theory that variations in the nutritional quality of host plants play a very important role in the dynamics of herbivore populations.

scholarly journals A REVIEW OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID IN NEWFOUNDLAND

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Carroll ◽  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Climatic Control ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Two Generations

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), first recorded in Newfoundland in 1949, is now the most serious forest insect pest in the Province, having spread over an area of more than 1,600 square miles. Its host is balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. There are three separate infestations, the largest and most important being in southwestern Newfoundland. The aphid has two generations a year. A biological control program was initiated in 1952 and seven species of predators have been released, three of which are established. Silvicultural and climatic control factors are discussed and the possibilities for the extension of outbreaks are considered.

Effects of atmospheric fluorides on foliage, and cone and seed production in balsam fir, black spruce, and larch

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Sidhu ◽  
R. J. Staniforth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Alnus Crispa ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Tree Number

Fluoride accumulations and damage symptoms to foliage, cones, and seeds of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) were monitored at six sites downwind from a phosphorus plant that emitted fluorides during 1982. Atmospheric fluoridation rates ranged from 347.4 μg F∙dm−2∙week−1 (11.38 μg F∙m−3) at 1.4 km from the fluoride source to 2.5 μg F∙dm−2∙week−1 (0.08 μg F∙m−3) at 18.7 km. Various degrees of foliar damage (chlorosis, necrosis, needle damage, and defoliation) occurred where fluoride accumulations in the foliage exceeded 20 ppm. This occurred at sites where the fluoridation rates were in excess of 26.0 μg F∙dm−2∙ week−1, and at distances less than 10.3 km downwind from the fluoride source. Reductions in seed size, percent germination, numbers of seeds per cone, number of cones per tree, number of fertile trees, and size reduction, distortion, or mortality of the cones occurred under the same fluoridation rates. Seed output on the windward sides of trees was significantly less than that on the leeward sides. At the most polluted site, seed production in balsam fir, black spruce, and larch, respectively, was reduced to 3.6, 2.6, and 0.0% of that at a control site. All three species in the study are considered to be susceptible to fluoride damage, with respect to both vegetative and reproductive symptoms. Reproductive failure and past mortality of fluoride-damaged conifers have resulted in their replacement by more tolerant hardwood species (e.g., birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), alder (Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh)) as the dominant forest species in the vicinity of the phosphorus plant.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE) IN NEWFOUNDLAND, 1967

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1112-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Hopewell ◽  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Dosage Rate ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractFive insecticides (Baygon, diazinon, Dursban, Furadan, and menazon), previously shown to have some effect on control of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), on branches of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., have been tested more intensively. Individual trees were sprayed from the ground with 1.0, 0.5, or 0.25 litre of solution containing 5% active ingredient (an approximate per acre dosage rate of 12 to 25 lb). Dursban, Baygon, and diazinon caused 85, 75, and 72% mortality respectively. Furadan and menazon were less effective, causing 56 and 34% mortality.

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