scholarly journals Growing Yellow Birch Seedlings In Polyethylene Bullet Containers

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-331
Author(s):  
W. Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Planting Stock

Plastic, bullet-shaped containers 2.5 and 4.5 inches long were suitable for producing healthy and vigorous yellow birch planting stock in the greenhouse. The larger containers favored the growth of taller plants with a better root system. In field trials, roots became established outside the containers during the first year of growth but did not break the plastic casing. After the first winter in the open nearly two-thirds of the seedlings had survived, but only one-third of them were in good condition.

Amelioration of subsurface acidity in sandy soils in low rainfall regions .2. Changes to soil solution composition following the surface application of gypsum and lime

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
CDA Mclay ◽  
GSP Ritchie ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
A Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solution Composition

Two field trials were sampled to investigate the changes to soil solution chemical properties of a yellow sandplain soil with an acidic subsoil following the application of gypsum and lime to the soil surface in 1989. The soils were sandy textured and located in a region of low annual rainfall (300-350 mm). Soil was sampled annually to a depth of 1 m and changes in soil solution composition were estimated by extraction of the soil with 0.005 M KCl. Gypsum leaching caused calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO4) and the ionic strength to increase substantially in both topsoil and subsoil by the end of the first year. Continued leaching in the second year caused these properties to decrease by approximately one-half in the topsoil. Gypsum appeared to have minimal effect on pH or total Al (Al-T), although the amount of Al present as toxic monomeric Al decreased and the amount present as non-toxic AlSO+4 ion pairs increased. Magnesium (Mg) was displaced from the topsoil by gypsum and leached to a lower depth in the subsoil. In contrast, lime caused pH to increase and Al to decrease substantially in the topsoil, but relatively little change to any soil solution properties was observed in the subsoil. There was an indication that more lime may have leached in the presence of gypsum in the first year after application at one site. Wheat yields were best related to the soil acidity index Al-T/EC (where EC is electrical conductivity of a 1:5 soil:water extract), although the depth at which the relationship was strongest in the subsoil varied between sites. The ratio Al-T/EC was strongly correlated with the activity of monomeric Al species (i.e. the sum of the activities of Al3+, AlOH2+ and Al(OH)+2 in the soil solution. An increase in the concentration of sulfate in the subsoil solution (which increased the ionic strength, thereby decreasing the activity of Al3+, and also increased the amount of Al present as the AlSO+4 ion pair) was probably the most important factor decreasing Al toxicity to wheat. The results indicated that gypsum could be used to increase wheat growth in aluminium toxic subsoils in sandy soils of low rainfall regions and that a simple soil test could be used to predict responses.

Shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh.) of tea in Ceylon II.—The effect of chemical control on the yield and manurial response of tea

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-641
Author(s):  
J. E. Cranham ◽  
P. Kanapathapillai ◽  
A. Kathiravetpillai
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prolonged Effect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Effect On Yield

In 1960–65, six field trials were carried out on tea estates in Ceylon to assess the effect on yield, and on the response of the crop to fertilizer, of dieldrin sprays applied after pruning to control shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh.). Periodic sampling was carried out to assess the numbers of borers and their galleries. Yields were recorded by weekly or fortnightly weighings of the green leaf plucked, over pruning cycles of two to four years.The pattern of the yield increases on the sprayed plots was related to the difference in attack between the sprayed and unsprayed plots. Increases were, in general, small in the first year and much larger in the second year, reaching peak values of 32–58 per cent. (on the yields of successive three-monthly periods recorded) in the late second year, and declining thereafter through the third year as the difference in attack declined. Over the first two years there were marked yield increases in eight of the nine pruning cycles, and these ranged from 11·7 per cent, to 26·3 per cent. There was significant regression (P<0·001) of the percentage increase in yield on the maximum difference in gallery counts. Yield increases in the third year of pruning cycles were also considerable and the results evidence a prolonged effect of the heavy borer attack occurring in the second year.In one trial there was a significant interaction between the effects of dieldrin spraying and of nitrogen supplied. Control of the borer greatly improved the crop response to nitrogen. Nitrogen application increased the yield but resulted also in a proportionately larger loss of crop from borer attack. There was a small but significant increase in the number of borer galleries on the plots receiving nitrogen.The evidence on the size and pattern of crop losses caused by the borer suggests that these occur both from shoot breakages and from the direct effect of galleries on the growth of stems.The significance of the results in relation to estate practice, and the economics of spraying, are briefly discussed.

First-year growth response of cold-stored, nursery-grown aspen planting stock

New Forests ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Martens ◽  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
First Year ◽  
Planting Stock

ADAPTATION OF WINTER RAPESEED IN ONTARIO

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. BEAULIEU ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

In order to determine regions of adaptation of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), field trials were planted at about 30 locations in Ontario in 1981 and 1982. Four cultivars were tested each year. Winter survival was poor in northern Ontario in both years, and along the north shore of Lake Erie in the first year. Over all sites, mean winter survival was 52%. At sites which did not completely winterkill, plant survival and yield averaged 70% and 2.38 t ha−1. Best winter rapeseed performance in Ontario occurred at well-drained sites with good winter snow cower and an absence of excessive flooding or cold temperatures in the spring. Cultivars did not differ in survival or yield in 1981–1982. The cultivar Jet Neuf had higher yields than the other cultivars in 1982–1983. There were differences in oil and protein content among the cultivars. The results suggest that winter rapeseed could become a viable crop in Ontario.Key words: Rapeseed (winter), Brassica napus, seed yield, winter survival, adaptation

Soil reaction, yields and herbage element content as affected by lime applied on established leys in a multi-site field trial

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. FYSTRO ◽  
A. K. BAKKEN
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trace Element Status ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Site Field ◽  
Induced Changes

Surface liming as a means for controlling the soil reaction in established leys was investigated in a series of 4-year field trials. Application of 625, 1250, 2500 or 5000 kg CaO equivalents/ha in spring of the first year caused an immediate rise in pH in the top 0–25 mm of the soil. The rate and range of the response below 25 mm was related to the precipitation at the experimental sites. Lime-induced changes in pH were not dependent on the initial level of soil reaction, whereas the positive response in grass production was greater and more immediate at sites where pH was below 5·3 rather than above. The increases in yields of macro elements were, in most instances, relatively lower than the increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Important exceptions here were the yields of Ca in all cuts and P in the second cuts, and the yields of Mg when dolomite rather than limestone was applied. The concentration of Ca in the herbage was positively affected by liming according to ruminant needs. The same holds for the concentration of Mg when granulated or coarse dolomite was applied. Liming lowered herbage uptake of Mn, Co and Zn, whereas Mo uptake was increased. There appeared to be no consistent relationship between liming and the plant uptake of Fe and Cu. Dependent on the initial conditions, liming might both improve and worsen the trace element status of harvested herbage with respect to the demands of ruminant animals. It is concluded that frequent surface liming at low rates might be an appropriate strategy for adjusting the soil pH in semi-permanent and permanent pastures.

scholarly journals The influence of fertilization and tillage method on the formation root system capacity and grain production of spring barley

2011 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Andrej Kupecsek ◽  
Juliana Monárová
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Lcr Meter ◽  
Tillage Method

To evaluate the interaction of year x variety, year x tillage method and year x fertilization on the grain yield and root system capacity (RSC) of spring barley, we ran polyfactorial field trials in agroecological conditions of a warm corn production area in Slovakia, at  Malanta, in 2009 and 2010. The RSC measurements were done using LCR - meter at a frequency of 1 kHz and they took place in four growth stages: at leaf development in the stage of four leaves (RSC1), in full tillering (RSC2), in the stage heading (RSC 3) and at the stage of ripening (RSC4). The values of grain yield, RSC1, RSC2, RSC3, RSC4 reached in 2009 comparison to 2010 were significantly lower. The highest yield in 2009 was reached by variety Marthe (4.49 t.ha-1) and by variety Bojos (7.19 t ha-1) in 2010. The highest values of RSC in observed growth stages were achieved by variety Bojos in 2009, and in 2010 also besides RSC1. Within both years, difference in yields between tillage methods was not observed. The values of RSC in growth stage of 4 leaves and tillering was higher at conventional tillage, butthe values of RSC3 and RSC4 were higher with minimized tillage. The highest grain yield and values of RSC in every growth stage were achieved on the fertilization variant “c“ in 2009 and on the fertilization variant “b“ in 2010. The correlation relationships between grain yield and RSC were significant and positive in every growth stage. The strongest relationship was found among grain yield and RSC (r=0.6047).

scholarly journals 111 Successful in Vitro Micropropagation of Purported Blight-resistant Chestnuts (Castanea spp.)

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 460E-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Miller-Roether ◽  
Paul E. Read ◽  
Erika Szendrak
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
In Vitro Micropropagation

The American Chestnut Foundation (ACF) has conducted a breeding program aimed at developing blight-resistant chestnut trees exhibiting the phenotype of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata). We developed a protocol for in vitro micropropagation and multiplication of candidate blight-resistant plants from the ACF breeding program. The protocol included forcing dormant shoots to budbreak, culture establishment, shoot multiplication, inducing a functional root system on the microcuttings produced by this system and establishment of autotrophic plants. Because Castanea spp. is recalcitrant to rooting, a unique bilayer method of rooting was developed. The unique bilayer consisted of a clear basal medium of 50% DKW and 50% WPM (Long and Preece), with a continuous level of 0.01 mg IBA/L and 0.2 mg BA/L. The clear basal medium was over-laid with an opaque layer. Rooting response occurred for 27 of the 31 genotypes at various frequencies. Rooted plantlets were planted in 50% peat: 50% perlite in order to become autotrophic and acclimated. Acclimated trees were planted in 10″ × 2″ Deepots® and placed in the greenhouse. These trees exhibited a very vigorous functional root system. Acclimated trees were hardened off, placed in cold storage (≈4-5 °C) for 5 months. All trees placed in cold storage broke dormancy for spring growth and ≈100 trees were sent to ACF for planting into field trials.

Evaluating faba beans for resistance to ascochyta blight using detached organs

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kohpina ◽  
R. Knight ◽  
F. L. Stoddard
Keyword(s):  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Detached-organ techniques were developed, using either individual leaves or stem segments with attached leaves, for use in genetic studies on resistance to ascochyta blight in faba beans. A single isolate of Ascochyta fabae, A26, was used to infect the highly resistant population ILB 752, moderately resistant cultivar Fiord and highly susceptible population NEB 463. Cultural conditions were established that maintained the detached organs in good condition for more than the 10 days required for disease symptoms to be expressed. Detached organs were scored for presence, number and size of lesions and also for number of lesions bearing pycnidia. Spore suspensions of 5 x 102 to 2 x 106 per mL were used, with 5 x 104 providing as much infection as greater concentrations. Leaves and stems were taken from 3-, 5- or 7-week-old plants. Younger plant parts were more susceptible than older ones and plants aged 3–5 weeks provided adequate material for the tests. The susceptibility of the 3 accessions in these experimental conditions followed the order expected from field trials.

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Removal Method Affects Native Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kathryn Barto ◽  
Don Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
First Year ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Entire Plant

AbstractWe used a growth chamber experiment with first-year garlic mustard plants to explore the effects of three garlic mustard removal techniques (treatment with glyphosate, pulling out the entire plant, and clipping the shoot) on growth of the native herb pale jewelweed and its associated mycorrhizal fungi. We also explored the effects of activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula amendments. We monitored plant height, intra- and extraradical mycorrhizal structures, root growth, and the fractal dimension of the root system. Removing as much garlic mustard root tissue as possible by hand pulling plants led to larger jewelweed plants than other removal methods. Activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula did not improve plant growth.

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