scholarly journals CO2 Enriched Air Increased Growth of Conifer Seedlings

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Conifer Seedlings

The dry weight of 3-week-old seedlings of white spruce, Norway spruce, jack pine and Scots pine was 30–80% greater than the control when grown in atmospheres enriched 3- to 5-fold with carbondioxide. Seedlings also responded positively to a difference in light intensity. CO2 enriched atmospheres might profitably be used for the short term propagation of tree seedlings grown in greenhouses.

scholarly journals Duration Limits on Field Storage in Closed Cardboard Boxes before Planting of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Container Seedlings in Different Planting Seasons

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
Marja Poteri ◽  
Heli Peltola ◽  
Johanna Riikonen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Open Storage ◽  
Photochemical Yield

For spring plantings, conifer seedlings are usually packed in closed cardboard boxes and freezer stored over winter. Additionally, seedlings are increasingly being stored in cardboard boxes in spring, summer, and autumn plantings in Finland. The aim of this study was to determine the maximum safe duration for the field storage of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) container seedlings in closed cardboard boxes for different planting times (dates) in Nordic boreal conditions. In the first experiment, Norway spruce seedlings (85-cm3 peat plugs) were packed in cardboard boxes in August, September, or October, and, in the second experiment, in the middle of May. In the third Scots pine experiment, mini seedlings (30-cm3 peat plugs) were packed in May. In each experiment, the seedlings were stored in closed cardboard boxes in a nursery for one, three, seven, 14, and 21 days. The control seedlings were stored in open storage in the nursery. After storage, the seedlings were planted in a field. In all of the experiments, increased closed-box storage reduced the maximum photochemical yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in the needles, and reduced root growth after planting. The frost hardiness was weakened in the Norway spruce seedlings that were stored in closed boxes for 21 days in August and October. In the spring experiments, prolonged storage increased the mortality of seedlings. Mortality rates were high in the autumn experiment due to the exceptionally warm and dry weather. Our conclusions, being based on the short term effects of field storage, are that conifer seedlings can be stored in closed boxes for only three days in August and about a week in September, October, and spring.

Field Performance of Five Species in Four Different Containers in Maine

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
David I. Maass ◽  
Andrea N. Colgan ◽  
N. Lynn Cochran ◽  
Carl L. Haag ◽  
James A. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract Long-term performance of container-grown seedlings in Maine was unknown in the late 1970s. A study was established to test the performance of five conifer species: Norway, white and black spruce, and red and jack pine, grown in four containers of similar volume: Can-Am Multipot #1, Multipot #2, Japanese Paperpot FH408, and Styroblock 4. Seven years after outplanting, stem heights of jack pine and red pine were significantly greater for trees started in Multipot #2 containers. Three spruce species with the greatest growth were started in Multipot #1 containers. Paperpot seedlings ranked second in height for pines, Norway spruce, and white spruce; Styroblock 4's ranked last for all species. North. J. Appl. For. 6:183-185, December 1989.

Monoterpenes in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce and their Emission during Kiln Drying

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Englund ◽  
Ralph M. Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were dried in a laboratory kiln, using conventional schedules with temperatures up to 60°C as well as schedules reaching 110°C. The losses of terpenes, which completely dominate the fugitive emissions from kiln drying of softwoods, were estimated by extraction of pooled subsamples from each batch, before and after drying. The original contents of terpenes were found to be in the ranges of 0.4–0.5% in pine sapwood, 0.8–1.1% in pine heartwood, and 0.02–0.08% in spruce, all calculated relative to the dry weight of the wood. The emissions from pine corresponded to 25–50% of the original content and those from spruce to 10–50%. High temperature drying in the laboratory was accompanied by larger losses, but this tendency was not found in the full-scale drying of spruce. No consistent difference was found between timber from the north of Sweden and from the south. Sampling of the vent exhaust fumes did not give results of sufficient reliability to confirm the extraction analyses.

Influence of cultural practices on the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of containerized black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Calmé ◽  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Francine J. Bigras
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Short Days

Two experiments were performed to study how cultural practices influenced the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings. In the first experiment, first-year black spruce seedlings were subjected to 14-d mid-August treatments of short days of 8 h or to natural day length, during which time seedlings were either irrigated or not. In the second experiment, first-year white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings were fertilized at two levels, normal or double, during the growing season. In the fall, we followed the evolution of frost tolerance, water content (dry weight to fresh weight ratio), height and diameter growth, bud formation, and mineral concentrations of shoots and roots. In the first experiment, short days accelerated frost acclimation, drop in water content, and bud formation. Short days with no irrigation triggered the cessation of height growth. In the second experiment, normal fertilization slightly improved frost tolerance in white spruce. Diameter growth (except for white spruce) and bud formation were enhanced by high nitrogen concentration, whereas no significant effect of fertilization could be found on height growth and water content. In both experiments, the relationship between frost tolerance and water content was independent of treatments and indicated that nontolerant seedlings (lethal temperature for 50% of the seedlings > −10 °C) had dry weight to fresh weight ratios of less than 30% for the three species. Thus, this rapid method of evaluating frost tolerance could be useful to seedling producers in eastern Canada and might be applicable to other species in other regions as well.

Factors affecting growth and distribution of kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.) II. Effect of light intensity on seedling growth

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Bieleski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Effect Of Light

The effect of various light intensities on the growth of kauri seedlings is described. Daylight was screened to the required level with lath screens. There was no significant effect of light on seedling mortality in the light intensity range 0.40–0.02 full daylight. Seedling morphology was affected by light intensity, the ratios stem dry weight/root dry weight, stem length/root length, and fresh weight / dry weight increasing significantly with decreasing light intensity. Seedling growth was a linear function of log (light intensity), the growth rates and assimilation rates being similar to those for other forest tree seedlings. The compensation point was at 0.009 full daylight, close to the low light intensity limit to seedling establishment in the field but low compared with those of other tree seedlings. There was no high light intensity limit to seedling growth, such as that shown for seedling establishment in the field. The apparent discrepancy is discussed.

Stem incorporation of gibberellins to promote sexual development of white spruce, Norway spruce, and jack pine

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Fogal ◽  
G. Jobin ◽  
H.O. Schooley ◽  
S.J. Coleman ◽  
M.S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
High Application

Stem incorporation of gibberellins (GA4/7 60:40) by injecting a liquid formulation or implanting a solid formulation was evaluated for promoting sexual reproductive development and for effects on vegetative development and foliage chlorosis in seedling and grafted white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss; seedling Norway spruce, Piceaabies (L.) Karst.; and jack pine, Pinusbanksiana Lamb., seed trees. Spruces were treated with a single application of 0.76 or 1.53 mg GA4/7 per square centimetre of stem cross-sectional area at breast height during the late stage of shoot elongation (June 9 for white spruce and June 19 and 20 for Norway spruce). Jack pine was treated with a single early (July 5) or late (August 15) application of 1.53 mg GA4/7/cm2 or a split early–late application of 0.76 mg GA4/7/cm2. Results were evaluated in the subsequent season (i) by counting seed and pollen strobili, developing vegetative shoots, latent vegetative buds, and dead buds and (ii) by assessing foliage chlorosis and mortality. The numbers of seed strobili were increased by injections of GA4/7 at low and high application rates on seedling white spruce and Norway spruce and by the high application rate on grafted white spruce; implants were effective on seedling white and Norway spruce at the high application rate. In jack pine, the number of seed strobili was not increased by GA4/7. The numbers of pollen strobili were not significantly increased by GA4/7 treatments to white spruce or Norway spruce but were increased on jack pine by a single early injection at the high rate and split injections at the low rate. The number of developing vegetative shoots was reduced by GA4/7 injections at both rates on white spruce grafted trees and Norway spruce; the implants reduced them only on the grafted white spruce given the low rate. For the spruces, treatments with GA4/7 did not influence bud mortality. Foliage chlorosis and mortality, evident on jack pine but not on white or Norway spruce trees, was more severe with injections than with implants.

Interspecific competition for nitrogen between early successional species and planted white spruce and jack pine seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1813-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D Hangs ◽  
J Diane Knight ◽  
Ken CJ Van Rees
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Relatively little is known about belowground competition for nitrogen (N) between boreal forest species. The objective of this study was to compare the relative competitiveness of three early successional boreal forest species, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.), and calamagrostis (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.), on 15N uptake and the growth response by containerized white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings. Three densities (0, 2, and 6 plants/pot) of each competitor species were interplanted with individual seedlings in pots with 15N-labelled fertilizer and grown for 3 months. The conifer seedlings had the greatest fertilizer 15N uptake (129.5 and 82.3 µg/m2 root for white spruce and jack pine, respectively) when grown in monoculture and the lowest uptake when interplanted with six competitor plants (9.2 and 8.6 µg/m2 root for white spruce and jack pine, respectively). Whether grown in monoculture or with conifer seedlings, calamagrostis took up the greatest amount of fertilizer 15N. Vegetation management practices that reduce the establishment of this grass species in the field should benefit N uptake and growth of outplanted white spruce and jack pine seedlings.

Biological performance of the white pine weevil in different host species and in two ecological regions of southern Quebec

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2026-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Boucher ◽  
Yves Mauffette ◽  
Robert Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Host Species ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The performance of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) was studied on five different host species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Attacked terminal leaders were collected prior to adult emergence, within two different ecological regions of Quebec, the Outaouais and Appalaches regions. According to their natural range, jack pine was studied only in the Outaouais region and red spruce only in the Appalaches one. Weevil performance did not differ between regions but differed among host species. The number of eggs laid per leader was greatest on jack pine, white pine, and Norway spruce (279, 219, and 218 eggs per leader, respectively). Adults emerging from white pine were the heaviest (0.0104 g). The number of adults per leader was greater on Norway spruce and white pine (34 and 23 adults, respectively), and survival tended to be greater on Norway spruce and white spruce leaders (18 and 15%, respectively). Norway spruce had the longest leaders, and jack pine had the thickest ones. Leader dimensions were correlated with all variables of weevil performance, except insect survival, but these characteristics explain only a small part of the variation in weevil performance. Norway spruce and white pine can be considered favourable hosts for rapid population buildup according to the high number of emerging adults per attacked leader.

Variation of Polyporus tomentosus in cultural characteristics and pathogenicity on conifer seedlings

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney ◽  
W. P. Bohaychuk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Components Analysis

Polyporus tomentosus Fr. cultures newly isolated from wood showed faster growth rates, greater chlamydospore numbers at 20 °C, higher average oxidase reactions, and higher disease ratings on seedlings of white spruce and Norway spruce than did cultures maintained on artificial media for 1 year or longer.Data from 30 isolates were analyzed for 63 characters using a principal components analysis as an ordination technique. Variables which had considerable influence on the ordination were pathogenicity on seedlings, isolate growth rate, chlamydospore production, and mat color on artificial media. Pathogenicity was higher among isolates from sporophores with straight setae than among those from sporophores with strongly curved or hooked setae (P. tomentosus var. circinatus F. sensu Haddow).Low pathogenicity on seedlings is an additional character associated with P. tomentosus var. circinatus Fr. which Haddow (Br. Mycol. Soc. Trans. 25: 179–190) separated on the basis of curved setae in the hymenium. Straight setae were always associated with stipitate sporophores and curved setae consistently occurred on sessile sporophores.

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