Monoterpenes in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce and their Emission during Kiln Drying

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Englund ◽  
Ralph M. Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were dried in a laboratory kiln, using conventional schedules with temperatures up to 60°C as well as schedules reaching 110°C. The losses of terpenes, which completely dominate the fugitive emissions from kiln drying of softwoods, were estimated by extraction of pooled subsamples from each batch, before and after drying. The original contents of terpenes were found to be in the ranges of 0.4–0.5% in pine sapwood, 0.8–1.1% in pine heartwood, and 0.02–0.08% in spruce, all calculated relative to the dry weight of the wood. The emissions from pine corresponded to 25–50% of the original content and those from spruce to 10–50%. High temperature drying in the laboratory was accompanied by larger losses, but this tendency was not found in the full-scale drying of spruce. No consistent difference was found between timber from the north of Sweden and from the south. Sampling of the vent exhaust fumes did not give results of sufficient reliability to confirm the extraction analyses.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of managed boreal forests in Finland to climate change, with implications for adaptive management

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1501) ◽  
pp. 2339-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Kellomäki ◽  
Heli Peltola ◽  
Tuula Nuutinen ◽  
Kari T Korhonen ◽  
Harri Strandman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Climate Change Model

This study investigated the sensitivity of managed boreal forests to climate change, with consequent needs to adapt the management to climate change. Model simulations representing the Finnish territory between 60 and 70° N showed that climate change may substantially change the dynamics of managed boreal forests in northern Europe. This is especially probable at the northern and southern edges of this forest zone. In the north, forest growth may increase, but the special features of northern forests may be diminished. In the south, climate change may create a suboptimal environment for Norway spruce. Dominance of Scots pine may increase on less fertile sites currently occupied by Norway spruce. Birches may compete with Scots pine even in these sites and the dominance of birches may increase. These changes may reduce the total forest growth locally but, over the whole of Finland, total forest growth may increase by 44%, with an increase of 82% in the potential cutting drain. The choice of appropriate species and reduced rotation length may sustain the productivity of forest land under climate change.

scholarly journals CO2 Enriched Air Increased Growth of Conifer Seedlings

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Conifer Seedlings

The dry weight of 3-week-old seedlings of white spruce, Norway spruce, jack pine and Scots pine was 30–80% greater than the control when grown in atmospheres enriched 3- to 5-fold with carbondioxide. Seedlings also responded positively to a difference in light intensity. CO2 enriched atmospheres might profitably be used for the short term propagation of tree seedlings grown in greenhouses.

Industrial Kiln Drying and its Effect on Microstructure, Impregnation and Properties of Scots Pine Timber Impregnated for Above Ground Use. Part 1. Effects of Initial, Final Dryings and Preservative on Impregnation and Timber Quality

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Terziev
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Final Moisture Content ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The quality of drying was assessed by measuring the final moisture content and its gradient, deformations, checks and internal stress of planks. The timber was rearranged in three charges and impregnated in an industrial autoclave with copper-based preservatives for above ground use (class AB):Kemwood ACQ 1900, Tanalith E and Wolmanit CX-8. The moisture content was determined after impregnation and the planks were divided into two charges; the first was dried in an industrial conventional batch kiln while the second was air dried. Assessment of the final product quality after kiln and air drying was carried out as after the initial drying. The penetration of preservatives was measured as well. The data were analysed by a statistical mixed model to ascertain the effects of drying and preservatives on the impregnation and timber quality. A strong relationship was found between the initial drying of Scots pine timber and its quality after impregnation and drying. The conventional batch and high temperature kiln drying ensured similar drying quality regarding the final moisture content and gradient, bow, twist and checks, but the high temperature drying provided significantly better (94.4%of the total sapwood area) penetration of the preservatives tested. It is suggested that changes in wood structure could be provoked during the high temperature drying, thus improving the subsequent impregnation and secondary drying. The progressive and conventional batch kiln drying led to similar penetration of the preservatives; the conventional batch kiln drying ensured significantly lower final moisture content, less twist and surface checks of the timber than the progressive kiln drying. Wolmanit CX-8 penetrated significantly better into the pine sapwood (96.3%) than Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E (83.5 and 88.5%, respectively). The planks impregnated with Wolmanit CX-8 achieved the best quality regarding the final moisture content, its gradient and cup. The planks impregnated with Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E showed similar quality regarding the penetration and some deformations after drying, but Kemwood ACQ 1900 impregnated planks had highest moisture content and gradient.

Methane emissions from Scots pine and Norway spruce in the spring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salla Tenhovirta ◽  
Lukas Kohl ◽  
Markku Koskinen ◽  
Marjo Patama ◽  
Mari Pihlatie
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Custom Made

<p>Plant shoots can emit methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) which is produced by an unknown aerobic, non-enzymatic process within the plant. Only a few publications report shoot CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes outside a laboratory setting, and those of boreal trees come to contradictory results (Machacova et al., 2016; Sundqvist et al., 2012).  Resolving the CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes of boreal trees is needed in order to understand the role of boreal forests in the global methane budget.</p><p>We conducted shoot chamber measurements on Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>) and Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) between April and May 2019, to find out if the shoots of boreal conifer trees are a source of aerobic CH<sub>4</sub> during the early growing season. The experiment was done with potted 2-3 year old nursery saplings in a common garden experiment, to enable regular measurements over a period of six weeks. CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes were measured 2-3 times per day, on two days per week from seven saplings (four <em>P. sylvestris</em> and three <em>P. abies</em>, respectively). We also conducted two around the clock campaigns where we measured the saplings hourly throughout the day and night. The CH<sub>4</sub> and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) exchange were quantified with a portable LGR online greenhouse gas analyser connected in closed loop to custom-made, transparent shoot chambers. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured concurrently with a PP Systems EGM-4 monitor.</p><p>Our measurements show emissions of CH<sub>4</sub> from both tree species, ranging from 0.25 to 7.64 and -0.45 to 6.42 g<sup>-1</sup> needle dry weight h<sup>-1</sup> (inter-quartile range) from <em>P. sylvestris</em> and <em>P. abies </em>shoots, respectively. The shoot CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from both species correlated positively with PAR. During the around the clock measurements the emissions showed a diurnal pattern. Our experiment demonstrates that the shoots of both <em>P. sylvestris</em> and <em>P. abies</em> can be a source of CH<sub>4</sub> in the spring and that the source process is likely driven by solar irradiation.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>Machacova, K., Bäck, J., Vanhatalo, A. et al. 2016. Pinus sylvestris as a missing source of nitrous oxide and methane in boreal forest. Scientific Reports, 6(September 2015), 1–8.</p><p>Sundqvist, E., Crill, P., Mlder, M. et al. 2012. Atmospheric methane removal by boreal plants. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(21), 10–15.</p>

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

scholarly journals The effects of soil and air temperature on CO2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pumpanen ◽  
J. Heinonsalo ◽  
T. Rasilo ◽  
J. Villemot ◽  
H. Ilvesniemi
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Silver Birch

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

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