scholarly journals Methods for Successful Afforestation of a Weed Infested Clay Soil

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Von Althen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Hardwood Species

The effects of plowing and tilling, fertilization, and chemical weed control on survival and height growth of newly planted seedlings of black locust, silver maple, white ash, white pine, and white spruce were investigated in a non-replicated study in southern Ontario. Cost-benefit relationships of treatments were computed. Plowing and tilling improved growth of all species with average increases ranging from 37 per cent for white spruce to 750 per cent for white ash. Plowing and tilling plus weed control greatly improved growth of all hardwood species and resulted in the most favourable growth-cost relationship. Fertilization improved growth of locust, ash, and maple by 200, 500, and 700 per cent respectively, but failed to increase conifer growth. Application of 12 pounds of simazine increased ash mortality by 67 per cent. White spruce was subject to severe frost heaving following complete weed control.

Soil chemistry changes after 27 years under four tree species in southern Ontario

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1648-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anne France ◽  
Dan Binkley ◽  
David Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Acid Neutralization ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Paper Birch

After 27 years of stand development, the accumulated forest floor under replicated plots of white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), and silver maple (Acersaccharinum L.) ranged from 240 g/m2 under maple to 3680 g/m2 under white pine. Forest floor pH ranged from a low under maple of 3.7 to a high under white spruce of 5.9. No significant differences were found in pH in 0–15 cm depth mineral soil; however, substantial differences in the acid neutralization capacities were evident among species, with soils under maple showing the lowest capacity to resist further acidification.

scholarly journals Revisiting the work of Fred von Althen – an update on the growth and yield of a mixed hardwood plantation in Southern Ontario

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Pedlar ◽  
Saul Fraleigh ◽  
Daniel W McKenney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter

Dr. Fred W. von Althen, formerly of the Canadian Forest Service, established hundreds of research plantations with a focus on identifying tree species and silvicultural techniques conducive to successful hardwood afforestation in southern Ontario, Canada. Here we provide an update, using 30-year remeasurement data, on the growth and yield of one of his most productive, and compositionally unique, mixed hardwood plantations. At age 30, the plantation exhibited the following characteristics on average: 1) density of 790 stems/ha—reduced from 2222 stems/ha at time of planting through natural mortality; 2) height of 14.4 meters; 3) quadratic mean diameter of 20.1 cm; and 4) gross stand volume of 181 m3/ha. With a mean annual increment (MAI) of 6.1 m3/ha/year, this plantation exhibits one of the highest published growth rates for mixed hardwoods in temperate North America. There was considerable variation in growth and yield between the 10 hardwood species making up the stand—silver maple, white ash, and black walnut had the highest growth rates, and red and white oak the lowest. Several Carolinian species, such as catalpa and sycamore, showed good growth rates, despite the study site being located north of their published range limits. This data set provides rare information on the growth and yield of mixed hardwood plantations in Canada. Key words: growth and yield, southern Ontario, afforestation, mixed hardwoods, Carolinian species

Effects of Spatial Arrangement in Mixed-Species Hardwood Plantations

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich W. Von Althen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Random Mixture ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Sixteen hardwood species were planted in different arrangements in two experiments in a former field with an imperfectly drained silt loam soil in Middlesex County, Ontario. With few exceptions planting arrangement had little effect on 10-year survival and on height and diameter increment. However, overall survival and growth were slightly better in the row planting than in the completely random mixture. Applications of 3.3 kg/ha of active simazine in each of the first 3 years after planting provided adequate weed control. One additional application of 2 kg/ha of active glyphosate in June of the sixth growing season eliminated 80% of the competition, renewed tree vigor, and enabled the trees to close the canopy and thereby provide their own weed control through shading. Recommendations are made for the establishment of mixed hardwood plantations in southern Ontario. North. J. Appl. For. 5:203-207, Sept. 1988.

Variation in the induced resin response of white spruce, Piceaglauca, to attack by Pissodesstrobi

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
René I. Alfaro ◽  
G.K. Kiss ◽  
A. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Response Intensity ◽  
Attack Response ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Nonlinear Fashion ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The intensity of the traumatic resin response in white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, to attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi Peck, was studied in trees with different severities of attack. The response level was highest in trees where the attacks failed, i.e., where eggs were laid but the brood was killed and no adults emerged. Successfully attacked trees had, on average, only 62% of the response intensity of trees with failed attacks. Response intensity in trees that had been subjected only to feeding was much lower, at 42% of the failed attack response. Healthy unattacked trees showed no or little traumatic resin response. Response intensity varied in a nonlinear fashion with the number of eggs laid, increasing rapidly from zero in healthy trees, being highest in trees having between 10 and 60 egg punctures, and progressively lower again in trees with higher numbers of egg punctures. For a given number of egg punctures, resistant white spruce trees had a consistently higher traumatic resin response than susceptible trees. The number of eggs laid on a leader was inversely related to the intensity of the traumatic resin response and to the timing of the attack. Fewer eggs were laid on leaders with high traumatic resin response or attacked late in the season than on leaders with lower resin response or attacked early in the season.

Dispersal of Pissodes strobi in putatively resistant white spruce in Vernon, BC

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. McIntosh ◽  
J. A. McLean ◽  
R. I. Alfaro ◽  
G. K. Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Cross ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Seasonal Movement ◽  
Key Words Dispersal ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Resistant Family ◽  
Lateral Branches

White pine weevil Pissodes strobi behaviour was observed in a five-year-old plantation of white spruce in Vernon, British Columbia. Seasonal weevil-host interactions were monitored in four susceptible and four putatively resistant reciprocal cross family pairs in three of five replicates. Classification of susceptibility to weevil attack was based on previous weevil attack history. Performance of eight reciprocal cross pairs was ranked as a function of visitation, oviposition and brood establishment resulting in top-kill. The four putatively resistant family crosses ranked 1 to 4 for resistance to weevil attack, while the four susceptible crosses were ranked 5 to 8 and were consistently attacked. Seasonal and diurnal weevil movement was monitored using mark-recapture techniques. Diurnally, weevils moved within the tree. Feeding occurred at dawn in the leader and upper laterals after which weevils moved down the tree into the forest floor during the high mid-summer temperatures. Later in the season weevils fed in mid-morning on the leader and on the under-sides of lateral branches. A dispersal index was developed to describe seasonal movement. Weevils did not move far throughout the season. Overall dispersal index for both males and females was less than 0.24 m, suggesting that on average, weevils do not move further than the adjacent tree throughout the season after mating and oviposition. Key words: Dispersal, pest management, Pissodes strobi, resistance, silviculture, white spruce

Survival and Growth of Three Hardwood Species (Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus laevis and U. minor) on a BottomlandSite with Heavy Clay Soil

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrah Cicek ◽  
Fahrettin Tilki ◽  
Semsettin Kulac ◽  
Murat Yilmaz ◽  
Faruk Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Ulmus Laevis

The dendroecology and climatic impacts for old-growth white pine and hemlock on the extreme slopes of the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D Abrams ◽  
Saskia van de Gevel ◽  
Ryan C Dodson ◽  
Carolyn A Copenheaver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Drought Severity Index

Dendrochronological techniques were used to investigate the dynamics of an old-growth forest on the extreme slope (65%) at Ice Glen Natural Area in southwestern Massachusetts. The site represented a rare opportunity to study the disturbance history, successional development, and responses to climatic variation of an old-growth hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) - white pine (Pinus strobus L.) - northern hardwood forest in the northeastern United States. Hemlock is the oldest species in the forest, with maximum tree ages of 305-321 years. The maximum ages for white pine and several hardwood species are 170-200 years. There was continuous recruitment of hemlock trees from 1677 to 1948. All of the existing white pine was recruited in the period between 1800 and 1880, forming an unevenly aged population within an unevenly aged, old-growth hemlock canopy. This was associated with large increases in the Master tree-ring chronologies, indicative of major stand-wide disturbances, for both hemlock and white pine. Nearly all of the hardwood species were also recruited between 1800 and 1880. After 1900, there was a dramatic decline in recruitment for all species, including hemlock, probably as a result of intensive deer browsing. White pine and hemlock tree-ring growth during the 20th century was positively correlated with the annual Palmer drought severity index (r = 0.61 and 0.39, respectively). This included reduced growth during periods of low Palmer drought severity index values, the drought years of 1895-1922, and dramatic increases during periods of high Palmer drought severity index values in the 1970s and 1990s. Significant positive and negative correlations of certain monthly Palmer drought severity index values with 20th century tree-ring chronologies also exist for white pine and hemlock using response function analysis. The results of this study suggest that old-growth forests on extreme sites in the eastern United States may be particularly sensitive to direct and indirect allogenic factors and climatic variations and represent an important resource for studying long-term ecological and climatic history.Key words: age structure, radial growth analysis, disturbance, climate, fire, tree rings.

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