GROWTH AND NUMBERS OF SPECKLED ALDER FOLLOWING LOGGING OF BLACK SPRUCE PEATLANDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Crown Closure ◽  
Speckled Alder

Information collected on speckled alder during an examination of black spruce and balsam fir reproduction in peatlands of northern Ontario indicates that alder develops rapidly following cutting of the softwood overstorey, but the phase of most rapid height growth is completed within about 10 years when it has attained an average height of five to six feet. Openings of various sizes occur in alder stands. Exclusive of openings, the stands examined varied from 16,000 to 30,000 stems per acre, with the crown closure ranging from 40 to 80 per cent and averaging about 50 per cent.

Stand density management diagram for managed black spruce stands

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Newton ◽  
G. F. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Kalmia Angustifolia ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Stand Density Management ◽  
Crown Closure ◽  
Stand Density Management Diagram

A stand density management diagram for managed black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands was developed using data derived from 37 variable-size temporary and permanent sample plots, and 257 open-grown sample trees. The plots were situated within 15 plantations and 4 precommercially thinned stands located throughout central and western Newfoundland, north-western New Brunswick and northern Ontario. The basic components of the diagram included: (1) an approximate crown closure line (2) the self-thinning rule (3) expected size-density trajectories and (4) isolines for dominant height, relative density index, quadratic mean diameter and merchantability ratio. The utility of the diagram was demonstrated by deriving yields for various initial spacings by site class and subsequently evaluating various outcomes in terms of operability criteria. In addition, the potential of estimating the time of crown closure by initial spacing and site class is discussed in relation to minimizing the adverse effects of Kalmia angustifolia (L.) on black spruce growth and development. Key words: stand density management diagram, initial spacing, black spruce, operability, Kalmia angustifolia (L.)

Mortality of balsam fir and black spruce advance growth 3 years after clear-cutting

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1528-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Ruel ◽  
René Doucet ◽  
Jocelyn Boily
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
First Year ◽  
Logging Damage ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Lean Angle ◽  
Logistic Regressions

The effects of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedling attributes on survival were measured on four cutovers regenerated to black spruce and three regenerated to balsam fir. In each of these, about 240 stems were permanently identified shortly after logging and their main characteristics were noted. Survival was assessed after 1 and 3 years. First-year mortality reached 24% for balsam fir and and 21% for black spruce. It varied with height and seedling quality. Mortality during the second and third year after harvesting was less important and was more evenly distributed between the different height classes. When all height classes were combined, the logistic regression calculated for total balsam fir mortality was able to correctly classify the observations in 74% of the cases by using three variables: prerelease height growth, lean angle, and a wound index. For black spruce, seven variables were needed to correctly classify 78% of the observations. These were: height, prerelease height growth, live crown ratio, lean angle, distance to the straightening point, and two wound indices. Separate logistic regressions were calculated for stems smaller or taller than 30 cm. These regressions performed considerably better for the taller height class for both species. For balsam fir, lean angle and one or another wound index still remained in relation with survival. For black spruce, prerelease height growth and lean angle remained in relation with survival. Distance to the straightening point was only retained for stems below 30 cm while live crown ratio and the two wound indices were retained for stems over 30 cm. These results suggest that an evaluation of seedling quality using measures of previous suppression and logging damage should be introduced in regeneration surveys to better predict the evolution of a cutover after harvesting.

Upland–lowland ecotypes not well developed in black spruce in northern Ontario

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Fowler ◽  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Geographical Locations

Seed collected from 30 stands of black spruce, 15 upland and 15 lowland, was tested by germination, nursery performance at two nurseries, and field planting at three locations; results were measured to the 5th and 10th year after planting.Significant differences (seed size, germination, seedling size, survival, and height growth) were found between the three geographical locations: Cochrane, Geraldton, and Thunder Bay. Only very minor differences were found between upland and lowland types. Strong significant differences were found between individual collection stands, indicating that superior stands for seed collection could be located and preserved.

Effects of root rot on the growth of balsam fir

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy D. Whitney ◽  
G. Blake MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Stratification Variable ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Growth increments were compared on balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees with varying amounts of decay on the stump (15 cm above ground) that originated from the roots. In 1612 trees, from 20 to 156 years of age on 139 plots across northern Ontario, the average height and radial increments over the last 3 years were 13.5 and 10.9% smaller, respectively, in trees with ground-level decay compared with trees having no decay at this level. Stand basal area was more useful than tree age as a stratification variable for revealing the effect of root rot on growth. Growth reductions were the smallest in trees with intermediate surrounding basal areas and in trees on drier or heavier textured soils.

Croissance en hauteur de l'épinette noire: région de Lebel-sur-Quévillon et de Dolbeau au Québec

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1378-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Zarnovican
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Temporal Structures

Height growth of black spruce was studied from stem analysis in 72 circular plots of 0.1 ha located in the Lebel-sur-Quévillon and Dolbeau regions, province of Quebec. Tree age analysis showed that only 52 of these plots were evenly aged; therefore, only these were retained in the present study. Mean age determined at diameter at breast height was as variable as mean total age. The comparison of Plonski's and Vézina and Linteau's parameterized site-index curves suggested that Plonski's model is more suitable for asymptotic growth of black spruce. The comparison of parameterized average height curves from 52 plots with Plonski's curves indicated that black spruce height growth in these regions is not uniform; four different growing forms corresponding to temporal structures can be distinguished. These growing forms can have asymptotic or linear curves; these can coincide with or cut across the Plonski's site-class curves, according to the increase or decrease in height growth with age. Finally, the growing forms are also found by parameters of Korf's growth function, by height increments, and by ages at which height increment is highest.

scholarly journals A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Martin M. Kwiaton ◽  
Jian R. Wang ◽  
Douglas E.B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.

Root-rotting fungi in white spruce, black spruce, and balsam fir in northern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Living Tissues

Fungi associated with root rot in living trees were isolated and identified from 521 white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), 1342 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and 1383 balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) ranging in age from 26 to 208 years (at a 30-cm height), in 165 stands across northern Ontario. Trees were pulled out with the winch of a skidder, root decays and stains were measured, and cultures were made from root and butt sections. Armillaria spp., considered in this study to be mostly Armillariaostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, was the most frequently isolated fungus, occurring in 32, 34, and 46% of white spruce, black spruce, and balsam fir, respectively. Inonotustomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) S. Teng, Scytinostromagalactinum (Fr.) Donk, and Coniophoraputeana (Schumach.:Fr.) P. Karst. were next in frequency, in that order. An additional 26 Basidiomycetes were associated with lesser amounts of root rot in the three species. Armillariaostoyae infected, and remained mostly below ground in all three species, averaging less than 0.3 m in height up the stem in living trees, while most of the other major fungi advanced more than 0.5 m up the stem in average infected trees. The frequency of A. ostoyae in white spruce and black spruce increased with tree age to about 90 and 130 years, respectively, then leveled off, probably because of diseased trees falling from the stand. An age relationship was not found with this fungus in balsam fir. The other fungi generally increased in frequency of occurrence with tree age. The only major fungus that attacked living tissues (sapwood) exclusively to any extent was A. ostoyae. Some less frequent fungi such as Resiniciumbicolor (Albertini & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto and Serpulahimantioides (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst. indicated pathogenicity by attacking sapwood initially. Armillariaostoyae infected significantly higher numbers of black spruce and balsam fir growing on dryer sites (soil moisture regimes (SMR) 1–3) than on wet sites (SMR 5–7). The only other fungus apparently related to moisture regime was unknown F, which infected black spruce more on wet than on dry sites. Significantly higher proportions of root and buttwood of all three species were infected with A. ostoyae and I. tomentosus in northwestern Ontario than in northeastern Ontario. Heavy to severe root rot caused tree height or diameter growth reductions when trees were infected by either A. ostoyae or I. tomentosus. An Ascomycete, Ascocorynesarcoides (Jacq.) Groves & D.E. Wilson, was associated with pink or faint brown stains, often near bark seams, in white spruce and black spruce. It was isolated from roots of 20 and 28% of these species, respectively.

Root-rotting fungi associated with mortality of conifer saplings in northern Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy D. Whitney ◽  
Donald T. Myren
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Northern Ontario

The roots of 435 dead or dying saplings, averaging 10 years of age, of seven conifer species from the Boreal Forest of northern Ontario were examined for root rot. Only trees with no obvious cause of death or decline, other than root rot, were selected. Eighty-three percent of the trees had root rot. Cultures revealed that Armillariamellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer was associated with root rot in 68% of all trees examined, including more than 45% of the trees in each species. Ten other root-rotting fungi were isolated from 1% or fewer of the trees, 7 of them from balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea [L.] Mill.) and 3 from black spruce (Piceamariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Scytinostromagalactinum (Fr.) Donk was isolated from sapwood of roots and lower stems of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), balsam fir, white pine (P. strobes L.), and black spruce and appeared to be parasitic on these species. Coniophoraputeana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. was apparently associated with the death of one balsam fir.

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