INFLUENCES OF MICROCLIMATES ON MORTALITY AND GROWTH OF PLANTED WHITE SPRUCE, JACK PINE AND WHITE PINE

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacHattie ◽  
K. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Previous Summer

Relationships between some microclimatic factors and mortality and growth of planted conifers were studied on the north and south aspects of a ridge in Eastern Ontario. It is shown that interactions between meteorological and physiographic factors complicate the classification of local climate for plantation purposes. Correlations between mortality of jack pine and white spruce and maximum temperature, and between height growth of white pine and mean temperature of the previous summer are suggestive rather than conclusive.

Polymorphic site index curves for jack pine in Northern Ontario

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard H. Carmean ◽  
G. Hazenberg ◽  
G. P. Niznowski
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
The North

Stem-analysis data from dominant and codominant trees were collected from 383 plots located in fully stocked, even-aged, undisturbed mature jack pine stands. Separate site index curves were independently formulated for four regions of northern Ontario using the Newnham constrained nonlinear regression model; these formulations were used for comparing regional site index curves at three levels of site index (10 m, 15 m and 20 m).Comparisons showed that no significant differences existed between the four regional curves as well as with previously published site index curves for the North Central Region. Each of the four regions had similar polymorphic height-growth patterns; therefore, data for the four regions were combined and a single formulation was used to develop a polymorphic set of site index curves for all of northern Ontario. We found that poor sites in each region had almost linear height growth up to 100 years breast-height age, but for each region height growth became more curvilinear with increasing site index. The recommended site index curves for northern Ontario are based on a formulation using only data from plots 100 years and less but this formulation was not significantly different from a formulation using only data from plots 80 years and less, or a formulation that included all data from plots older than 100 years breast-height age.Comparisons were made between our northern Ontario curves and other jack pine site index curves for Ontario as well as curves for other areas of Canada and the United States. These comparisons generally showed considerable older age differences. Reasons for these differences are uncertain but could be due to differences in the amount and kind of data used for these other curves, could be due to differences in analytical methods, or could be due to regional differences in climate, soil and topography. Key words: site quality evaluation, polymorphic height growth, regional site index curves, site index prediction equations, comparisons among site index curves.

scholarly journals Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Barras ◽  
Olivia Martius ◽  
Luca Nisi ◽  
Katharina Schroeer ◽  
Alessandro Hering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Large Scale Flow ◽  
North And South

Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5-day windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5-day windows containing a single hail day. The reanalysis ERA-5 is used to study the large-scale flow in combination with objectively identified cold fronts, atmospheric blocking events, and a weather type classification. Both north and south of the Alps, isolated hail days have frequency maxima in May and August-September whereas clustered hail days occur mostly in July and August. Composites of atmospheric variables indicate a more stationary and meridionally amplified atmospheric flow both north and south of the Alps during multi-day hail clusters. On clustered hail days north of the Alps, blocks are more frequent over the North Sea, and surface fronts are located farther from Switzerland than on isolated hail days. Clustered hail days north of the Alps are also characterized by significantly higher convective available potential energy (CAPE) values, warmer daily maximum surface temperatures, and higher atmospheric moisture content than isolated hail days. Hence, both stationary flow conditions and anomalous amounts of moisture are necessary for multi-day hail clusters on the north side. In contrast, differences in CAPE on the south side between clustered hail days and isolated hail days are small. The mean sea level pressure south of the Alps is significantly deeper, the maximum temperature is colder, and local moisture is significantly lower on isolated hail days. Both north and south of the Alps, the upper-level atmospheric flow over the eastern Atlantic is meridionally more amplified three days prior to clustered hail days than prior to isolated days. Moreover, Moreover blocking occurs prior to more than 10 % of clustered hail days over Scandinavia, but no blocks occur prior to isolated hail days. Half of the clustered hail days south of the Alps are also clustered north of the Alps. On hail days clustering only south of the Alps, fronts are more frequently located on the Alpine ridge, and local low- level winds are stronger. The temporal clustering of hail days is coupled to specific synoptic- and local- scale flow conditions, this information may be exploited for short to medium-range forecasts of hail in Switzerland.

AN ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF WHITE SPRUCE COMMUNITIES IN RELATION TO CERTAIN HABITAT FEATURES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1025-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Van Groenewoud
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Community Type ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Vegetation Samples

Physiognomy, ratio between percentage moss and herb cover, significant associations between species, and soil texture were used to group vegetation samples containing white spruce into community types.The averages of the "measured mean" pH, the minimum pH, and the maximum pH of three soil layers, the height growth of the white spruce trees, and the nitrogen content of the white spruce foliage of the community types were compared by t test. When a significant difference showed that the samples were drawn from different populations, this was taken to justify the acceptance of the community types as distinct entities with regard to the features investigated.Of the five community types originally recognized, only three were retained. They were respectively the Equisetum pratense type, the Equisetum arvense type, and a very variable community type typified by a more or less developed moss–herb–shrub vegetation.

scholarly journals Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1185
Author(s):  
Hélène Barras ◽  
Olivia Martius ◽  
Luca Nisi ◽  
Katharina Schroeer ◽  
Alessandro Hering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Large Scale Flow ◽  
North And South

Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5 d windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5 d windows containing a single hail day. The reanalysis ERA-5 is used to study the large-scale flow in combination with objectively identified cold fronts, atmospheric blocking events, and a weather type classification. Both north and south of the Alps, isolated hail days have frequency maxima in May and August–September, whereas clustered hail days occur mostly in July and August. Composites of atmospheric variables indicate a more stationary and meridionally amplified atmospheric flow both north and south of the Alps during multi-day hail clusters. On clustered hail days north of the Alps, blocks are more frequent over the North Sea, and surface fronts are located farther from Switzerland than on isolated hail days. Clustered hail days north of the Alps are also characterized by significantly higher most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE) values, warmer daily maximum surface temperatures, and higher atmospheric moisture content than isolated hail days. Hence, both stationary flow conditions and anomalous amounts of moisture are necessary for multi-day hail clusters on the north side. In contrast, differences in MUCAPE on the south side between clustered hail days and isolated hail days are small. The mean sea level pressure south of the Alps is significantly deeper, the maximum temperature is colder, and local moisture is significantly lower on isolated hail days. Both north and south of the Alps, the upper-level atmospheric flow over the eastern Atlantic is meridionally more amplified 3 d prior to clustered hail days than prior to isolated days. Moreover, blocking occurs prior to more than 10 % of clustered hail days over Scandinavia, but no blocks occur prior to isolated hail days. Half of the clustered hail days south of the Alps are also clustered north of the Alps. On hail days clustering only south of the Alps, fronts are more frequently located on the Alpine ridge, and local low-level winds are stronger. The temporal clustering of hail days is coupled to specific synoptic- and local-scale flow conditions; this information may be exploited for short- to medium-range forecasts of hail in Switzerland.

Sexual Dimorphism of New Zealand Puppet Beetles (Aderidae, Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea): Systematic Revision, Description of Three New Genera, and Phylogeny for Zenascus, gen. n.

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4889 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-59
Author(s):  
TRACI L. GRZYMALA ◽  
RICHARD A.B. LESCHEN
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Australasian Region

The Aderidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) of New Zeland are revised to include four genera and fourteen species. Three genera are described as new: one distributed throughout the Australasian region (Zenascus gen. n.) one endemic to the north and south islands of New Zealand (Transrenus gen. n.), and one that is endemic to the south island of New Zealand (Pseudozena gen. n.). Six species are also newly described (Pseudozena denticulata sp. n., Transrenus thulater sp. n., Zenascus roberti sp. n., Z. incensum sp. n., Z. elenae sp. n., Z. aurum sp. n.). All previously described New Zealand species of aderids contained in the preoccupied genus Xylophilus are transferred to the newly erected genus Zenascus, resulting in six new combinations (Z. antennalis (Broun), comb. n.; Z. coloratus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. luniger (Champion), comb. n.; Z. nitidus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. obscurus (Broun), comb. n.; Z. xenarthrus (Broun, 1910: 54), comb. n.). Holotype and lectotype designations are made or verified for all previously described species. The New Zealand species Xylophilus pictipes Broun is synonymized with Zenascus obscurus, syn. n. and Scraptogetus nigricans is synonymized with Scraptogetus anthracinus, syn. n. The Australian genus Pseudananca Blackburn 1893 is synonymized with the New Zealand genus Scraptogetus Broun, syn. n. Keys to the genera and species are included. Phenotypic characters previously employed in the higher classification of the Aderidae, including secondary sexually dimorphic characters, are discussed and a phylogenetic analysis for the ten New Zealand species of Zenascus is performed to reconstruct trait evolution in males, which display extreme dimorphic antennomere modifications. 

Biological performance of the white pine weevil in different host species and in two ecological regions of southern Quebec

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2026-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Boucher ◽  
Yves Mauffette ◽  
Robert Lavallée
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Host Species ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The performance of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) was studied on five different host species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Attacked terminal leaders were collected prior to adult emergence, within two different ecological regions of Quebec, the Outaouais and Appalaches regions. According to their natural range, jack pine was studied only in the Outaouais region and red spruce only in the Appalaches one. Weevil performance did not differ between regions but differed among host species. The number of eggs laid per leader was greatest on jack pine, white pine, and Norway spruce (279, 219, and 218 eggs per leader, respectively). Adults emerging from white pine were the heaviest (0.0104 g). The number of adults per leader was greater on Norway spruce and white pine (34 and 23 adults, respectively), and survival tended to be greater on Norway spruce and white spruce leaders (18 and 15%, respectively). Norway spruce had the longest leaders, and jack pine had the thickest ones. Leader dimensions were correlated with all variables of weevil performance, except insect survival, but these characteristics explain only a small part of the variation in weevil performance. Norway spruce and white pine can be considered favourable hosts for rapid population buildup according to the high number of emerging adults per attacked leader.

scholarly journals Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
J. D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Spring Planting

An experiment was started in the fall of 1972 to study the effects of the date of fall lifting on the post-planting performance of overwinter stored white spruce and jack pine. Storage at two temperatures was used, 0°F (−18 °C) and 26°F (−4 °C), with the former a failure, the latter successful. Spring planting indicated that "too early" outplanting is possible. Stored white spruce may be used to extend the planting season into late spring, but not jack pine.Degree-Hardening-Days, D-H-D, i.e. cumulative daily differences below 50°F from soil temperatures at 15 cm depth, is suggested as a possible criterion of stock readiness for storage. White spruce was about 200 D-H-D and jack pine about 375. By inferences from other experiments white pine is about 225 D-H-D and red pine about 300.

An Underplanting experiment with White Pine and White Spruce Seedling and Transplant Stock

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
B. S. P. Wang ◽  
K. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Better Than

Experimental underplanting of 2-0, 3-0 and 2-2 white pine and white spruce stock was carried out on scarified strips in two low-grade hardwood stands in central Ontario to find the relative suitability for stand conversion. Three-year results show that site preparation is a key to successful survival and height growth. Comparisons of costs per "surviving inch of height growth" indicate that 3-0 stock is superior to the 2-2 and 2-0, that white pine is somewhat better than white spruce, and that the survival and, growth were better beneath the tolerant than beneath the intolerant hardwoods.

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