scholarly journals Storage of Wood Chips

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286
Author(s):  
Erik Anerud ◽  
Gunnar Larsson ◽  
Lars Eliasson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Chip Size ◽  
Machine Utilisation

To make forest biomass more competitive, increased efficiency in the handling and supply system is needed, thus producing high-quality fuel at a lower cost. Operating costs can be reduced if the target chip size is increased, as this increases productivity and reduces chipper fuel consumption. However, the chips need to be storedin order to meet fluctuating seasonal demand and maintain high machine utilisation. Due to biomass degradation, storage of comminuted biomass can lead to high energy losses, but can also increase fuel quality, e.g. by reducing moisture content and increasing net calorific value. This study evaluated the effects of storage on dry matter losses and differences in fuel quality of the stored biomass for three target chip sizes and three materials during six months of storage. The results showed that coarse chips had significantly lower moisture content and lower energy losses after storage than fine chips. Overall, changes during storage resulted in an economic loss of 3–4% per oven-dry ton for fine chips, but an economic gain of 2–6% for coarse chips. Thus increased target chip size can increase the competitiveness of forest biomass through decreased production costs and reduced storage costs. It can also ensure higher, more consistent fuel quality.

Autothermal biodrying of municipal solid waste with high moisture content

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Zawadzka ◽  
Liliana Krzystek ◽  
Stanisław Ledakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Capacity

AbstractTo carry out autothermal drying processes during the composting of biomass, a horizontal tubular reactor was designed and tested. A biodrying tunnel of the total capacity of 240 dm3 was made of plastic material and insulated with polyurethane foam to prevent heat losses. Municipal solid waste and structural plant material were used as the input substrate. As a result of autothermal drying processes, moisture content decreased by 50 % of the initial moisture content of organic waste of about 800 g kg−1. In the tested cycles, high temperatures of biodried waste mass were achieved (54–56°C). An appropriate quantity of air was supplied to maintain a satisfactory level of temperature and moisture removal in the biodried mass and high energy content in the final product. The heat of combustion of dried waste and its calorific value were determined in a calorimeter. Examinations of pyrolysis and gasification of dried waste confirmed their usefulness as biofuel of satisfactory energy content.

scholarly journals Moisture and energy content of fire-burnt trees for bioenergy production: A case study of four tree species from northwestern Ontario

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hosegood ◽  
Mathew Leitch ◽  
Chander Shahi ◽  
Reino Pulkki
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Burnt Areas

With the current energy reform, the Ontario government has taken an initiative to phase out coal-fired generatingstations by 2014, and replace coal with biomass as feedstock at the Atikokan Generating Station. This switch to greenenergy production has opened a new avenue of income for mills and biomass-harvesting companies. However, as theneed for biomass increases, harvesting residues may no longer satisfy the needs of cogeneration facilities and new sourcesmay be sought. A potential source of woody biomass in Ontario is from forest fires. On average, an area of 35 460 ha or3 868 034 m3 of wood is devastated by wildfire every year in the Area of the Undertaking in Ontario and has the potentialto be salvaged. However, the fuel quality and feasibility of salvaging wildfire-burnt areas for bioenergy production innorthern Ontario has not been investigated so far. In this study, five different-aged fires in the MNR Thunder Bay District—12, 18, 24, 37, and 52 months old—were sampled for moisture content and calorific value of the wood. This samplingwas done across four of the most prolific tree species grown in northwestern Ontario—white birch, trembling aspen,balsam fir, and black spruce. The average moisture content (dry weight basis) of the five fires ranged from 27.1% to 34.9%and the average calorific value from 19.0 MJ/kg to 21.1 MJ/kg. Significant differences in moisture content were foundbetween the species and the ages of fire. Hardwood species had significantly higher moisture content compared to softwoods.The results display that wildfire-burnt areas have the potential to supply good-quality fuel for bioenergy productionin northwestern Ontario. Key words: biomass, wildfire-burnt areas, bioenergy production, moisture content, calorific value, northern Ontario

scholarly journals Influence of Valorization of Sewage Sludge on Energy Consumption in the Drying Process

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4511
Author(s):  
Ewa Siedlecka ◽  
Jarosław Siedlecki
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Digested Sewage Sludge

Valorization of digested sewage sludge generated in a medium-sized sewage treatment plant and the effect of valorization on energy consumption during sludge drying used for energy recovery are presented. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge reduces dry matter content compared to raw sludge. This lowers its calorific value leading to the lower interest of consumers in using it as fuel. The aim of the study was to valorize digested sewage sludge prior to drying with high-energy waste with low moisture content. The procedure led to the reduction in moisture content by about 50% in the substrate supplied for solidification and drying. The calorific value of digested sewage sludge increased by 50%–80%, and the energy consumption of the drying process decreased by about 50%. Physical and chemical properties of sewage sludge and moisture content of substrates and mixtures after valorization were determined. The heat of combustion of valorized sewage sludge mixtures, their elemental composition, and ash content is investigated. Their calorific value in the analytical and working states of 10% H2O was calculated. The highest calorific value was obtained for the mixture of sewage sludge valorized with waste plastics or combined with wood dust, averaging 23 MJ/kg. A mathematical approximation of sewage sludge valorization is presented.

TORREFACTION OF PALM BIOMASS BRIQUETTES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Mohd Faizal ◽  
M. Amin M. Jusoh ◽  
Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman ◽  
S. Syahrullail ◽  
Z. A. Latiff
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

The climate change has driven towards transformation from the high energy dependence on fossil fuel to inexhaustible renewable energy such as solar, wind, mini hydro and biomass. In Malaysia, abundant of palm biomass residues are produced during the processing of fresh fruit bunch. Therefore it is inevitable to harness these bioenergy sources in order to prevent waste accumulation at adjacent to palm mills. In order to utilize such bioenergy sources and to cope with the fast growing demand of energy, combination technique of densification and torrefaction is one of the potential ways to be practised. In the present study, the physical and combustion properties of torrefied empty  fruit bunch (EFB) briquettes were investigated experimentally with constant nitrogen flow rate of 1 l/min , for various torrefaction temperatures (225-300). Before torrefaction process, EFB briquettes were initially produced under controlled condition with compaction pressure of 7 MPa and briquetting temperature of 150. In general, the torrefied EFB briquettes were successfully produced in the present study. The results show that an increase in torrefaction temperature from 225  to 300  causes a significant increase in gross calorific value (from around 17400 kJ/kg to 25000 kJ/kg), fixed carbon content (from 16.2% to 46.2%) and ash content (from 2.4% to 17.2%). On the other hand, relaxed density and volatile matter decrease, from 1017 kg/m3 to 590 kg/m3 and from 73.1% to 29.7%, respectively. As a conclusion, the gross calorific value and fixed carbon content are improved due to torrefaction. In addition, it was found that gross calorific value and moisture content of the torrefied EFB briquettes fulfil the requirement for commercial briquette production as stated by DIN51731 (gross calorific value>17500 kJ/kg and moisture content <10%). 

scholarly journals Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) characterization for possible Waste-to-Energy (WtE) conversion in Zambia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C Mushimba
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Cement Manufacturing

Coal has traditionally been relied upon as a good source of bulk energy in many pyro processes especially in cement manufacturing and thermal power generation. In Zambia, cement manufacturing, a key and growing industry, uses coal as the main source of energy for the pyro process in the cement kiln that converts raw materials to a semi-finished product called clinker. Despite the advantages that coal has over other sources of energy in this market including its high energy content and its easy accessibility, burning coal has significant known and documented disadvantages especially towards the environment and human health that give way to dissenting views on its continued use. In attempts to address the environmental effects of coal usage in cement manufacturing and consequently contribute to the lowering of production costs, Cement manufacturing companies have been pursuing the possibilities of coal substitution with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The MSW should however; conform to certain standards before it can be used in the substitution in order not to affect the quality of cement produced. This paper sought to characterize the Municipal Solid Waste in Lusaka to ascertain its conformity to internationally recognized standards in order to be used in coal substitution. The results show that the characterization of MSW showed that it could be a viable substitute for coal burning in cement manufacturing in Zambia. Apart from the high moisture content in the rainy season, the other readings were all favorable to its use as an alternate energy source. The high moisture content meant that during the pre-treatment for possible use in the cement manufacturing, pretreatment processes could be employed to help align the moisture content before its use as the substitute for coal in cement manufacturing.

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA ÉPOCA DE ESTOCAGEM NA QUALIDADE DA BIOMASSA FLORESTAL PARA A GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
José Otávio Brito ◽  
Waldir Ferreira Quirino ◽  
Graciela Inês Bolzon De Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Storage Season ◽  
Eucalyptus Dunnii

Este trabalho objetivou determinar a época de estocagem ideal para a melhoria da qualidade da biomassa florestal para geração de energia. O experimento foi realizado em Lages, SC, entre outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2005. Foram avaliados 4 lotes de toras com casca de Pinus taeda e Eucalyptus dunnii, em pilhas, com amostragem nas seguintes condições: material recém-colhido, com dois, quatro e seis meses de estocagem. O lote 1 foi armazenado entre outubro (2003) e maio (2004), o lote 2, de janeiro a agosto de 2004, o lote 3, de maio a novembro de 2004 e o lote 4, de agosto de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de umidade na base úmida, poder calorífico superior e líquido. A época de estocagem teve influência sobre a qualidade energética da biomassa durante a estocagem, com alterações na umidade e poder calorífico líquido. Para ambas as espécies, as melhores épocas de estocagem foram entre agosto e fevereiro (lote 4) e outubro e maio (lote 1), com as maiores perdas de umidade e maiores ganhos energéticos. Portanto, a biomassa florestal colhida na saída do inverno ou início da primavera, que permaneceu sob estocagem durante o verão até o início do inverno, apresentou melhor qualidade energética.Palavras-chave: Energia; Pinus taeda; Eucalyptus dunnii. AbstractInfluence of the storage season over the quality of wood fuel. This study aimed to determine the optimal storage season for improving the quality of forest biomass for energy generation. The experiment was carried out in Lages, Brazil, between October 2003 and February 2005. 4 lots of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus dunnii logs were stocked, in piles, with samples collected from the freshly harvested material, with two, four and six months of storage. The lot 1 was stored between October (2003) and May (2004), lot 2 (January-August (2004)), lot 3 (May-November (2204)) and 4 (August (2004)-February (2005)). The evaluated properties were as follows: moisture content on wet basis, gross and net calorific value. The storage season had influence on the biomass quality, with changes in moisture content and net calorific value. For both species, the best storage season was between August and February (lot 4) and from October to May (lot 1), with the greatest loss of moisture and higher energy savings. Therefore, forest biomass harvested in late winter or early spring, which remained in storage during the summer up to early winter had a better energy quality.Keywords: Energy; Pinus taeda; Eucalyptus dunnii

scholarly journals Storage of caatinga forest biomass to improve the quality of wood for energy

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1178-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
Stephenson Ramalho Lacerda ◽  
Juliana de Oliveira ◽  
Gisele Paim Ribeiro Domingues Lopes ◽  
Nayara Bergamo Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
General State ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Storage Times

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of forest biomass energy, coming from the Caatinga, for different storage times in the field. The study was conducted in southern Piauí, between January and February (rainy season). Samples were collected containing branches and trunks of various species, and samples of branches and trunks separately in 5 sample units of 20x20m. Samples were evaluated in the general state freshly harvested and samples of branches and logs after 15 and 30 days of storage in piles in the field. The analyzes carried out were: moisture content on wet basis, ash content and calorific value. Moisture content of freshly harvested biomass ranged from 39% with two days after cutting to 79% in biomass cut and left distributed in the field for 10 days. After storage in piles for 15 days, branches showed moisture content of 18% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3432kcal kg-1 and 3274kcal kg-1, respectively. After 30 days, moisture content for branches was 13% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3672kcal kg-1 and 3240kcal kg-1, respectively. Ash content of the biomass was low. Cutting trees in the rainy season, with maintenance of biomass in the field for 10 days, resulted in an increment of moisture content. Branches had the best behaviour during the storage. Fifteen days of storage are sufficient for the caatinga biomass to achieve high-quality energy.

QUALIDADE DOS PELLETS DE BIOMASSA FLORESTAL PRODUZIDOS EM SANTA CATARINA PARA A GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA

FLORESTA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Spanhol ◽  
Daniela Letícia Nones ◽  
Fabricio Junki Blanco Kumabe ◽  
Martha Andreia Brand
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Fines Content ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Pinus Spp

Este estudo objetivou determinar as propriedades físicas, químicas e energéticas de pellets de biomassa residual de Pinus spp. produzidos em Santa Catarina, e realizar a comparação com os parâmetros estabelecidos pelas normas internacionais existentes. Foram coletadas nove amostras, onde foram determinadas as propriedades de: dimensões dos pellets, densidade aparente e da unidade, teor de umidade, análise imediata, poder calorífico, durabilidade mecânica e teor de finos. Comparativamente à literatura e aos parâmetros de qualidade das normas: os pellets apresentaram densidade aparente (663,46 kg/m³), densidade da unidade (1711 kg / m³), durabilidade mecânica (99,07%) e poder calorífico superior (20,21 MJ / kg) altos; teor de umidade (7,89%) e de cinzas (0,38%) baixos, indicando boa qualidade dos pellets. Os pellets apresentaram alto teor de finos (1,05%), como característica negativa. Tiveram diâmetro de 6,58 mm; comprimento de 17,31 mm; teor de materiais voláteis de 81,29% e carbono fixo de 18,33%. Os valores médios das propriedades dos pellets atenderam plenamente as normas alemã (DIN Plus) e austríaca (Önorm M7135) e as classes G2 e G3 da suéca (SS 187120), e as classes I1, I2 e I3 da ISO (17225-2), podendo ser usados no setor de serviços e indústrias.AbstractQuality of forest biomass pellets produced in State of Santa Catarina for power generation. This study aimed to determine the physical, chemical and energetic properties of pellets of residual forest biomass of Pinus spp. production chain from the state of Santa Catarina, and compare them to the parameters set by existing international standards. Nine samples were collected, in which the properties were determined: size of pellets; bulk density and unity density; moisture content; immediate analysis; calorific value; mechanical durability and fines content. Compared to literature and quality standards parameters: the pellets showed high apparent density (663.46 kg / m³), unit density (1711 kg / m³), mechanical durability (99.07%) and gross calorific value (20.21 MJ / kg); low moisture content (7.89%) and ash (0.38%), indicating good quality pellets. The pellets had a high fines content (1.05%), as a negative characteristic. They had diameter of 6.58 mm; length 17.31 mm; volatiles content of 81.29% and 18.33% fixed carbon. The average values of properties of the pellets fully met the German standards (DIN Plus) and Austria (ÖNORM M7135) and G2 and G3 classes of Swedish (SS 187 120), and the classes I1, I2 and I3 ISO (17225-2), and can be used in the service and industry sectors.Keywords: Pinus waste; densified; pellet quality standards. 

PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
O. M. Salamov ◽  
F. F. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

scholarly journals Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter ◽  
Piotr Kucharski ◽  
Adam Smolinski
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Clinker Production

The article evaluates the reduction of carbon dioxide emission due to the partial substitution of coal with alternative fuels in clinker manufacture. For this purpose, the calculations were performed for seventy waste-derived samples of alternative fuels with variable calorific value and variable share in the fuel mixture. Based on annual clinker production data of the Polish Cement Association and the laboratory analysis of fuels, it was estimated that the direct net CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion alone were 543 Mg of CO2 per hour. By contrast with the full substitution of coal with alternative fuels (including 30% of biomass), the emission ranged from 302 up to 438 Mg of CO2 per hour, depending on fuel properties. A reduction of 70% in the share of fossil fuels resulted in about a 23% decrease in net emissions. It was proved that the increased use of alternative fuels as an additive to the fuel mix is also of economic importance. It was determined that thanks to the combustion of 70% of alternative fuels of calorific value from 15 to 26 MJ/kg, the hourly financial profit gain due to avoided CO2 emission and saved 136 megatons of coal totaled an average of 9718 euros. The results confirmed that the co-incineration of waste in cement kilns can be an effective, long-term way to mitigate carbon emissions and to lower clinker production costs. This paper may constitute a starting point for future research activities and specific case studies in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.

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