scholarly journals Comparing the Effectiveness of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Hot Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in the Management of the Major Pests of Cabbage Brassica oleracea (L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Baidoo ◽  
M. B. Mochiah
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Development Of Resistance

<p>The use of chemical insecticides in crop production has resulted in increased food production in Africa, but their use has resulted in the destruction of beneficial organisms and development of resistance by some insects to the insecticides. The effectiveness of garlic <em>Allium sativum</em> and hot pepper, <em>Capsicum frutescens</em> in controlling the pests of cabbage, <em>Brassica oleracea</em> was evaluated. These botanicals were compared with a standard chemical insecticide Attack® (Emamectin benzoate). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with 3 treatments and a control, each of which was replicated 3 times. <em>Plutella xylostella, Brevicoryne brassicae, Hellula undalis</em> and <em>Trichoplusia ni</em> were found on cabbage plants. Significantly fewer of them were found on the treated plants than the control plants. The use of the plant extracts resulted in a reduction in mortality ranging from 10.76% to 55.94%. Fewer natural enemies of <em>B. brassicae</em> were sampled on the insecticide-sprayed plots than the garlic and pepper-sprayed plots. The cost of protecting cabbage plants from insect infestation using Attack was higher than the botanicals. Garlic-treated plots recorded the highest cost: benefit ratio of 1:16 while Attack®-treated plots recorded the least of 1: 9.2. The control effects of the botanicals compared favourably with that of the chemical insecticides. Thus these botanicals can be used as substitutes to chemical insecticides.</p>

scholarly journals Performance of Garlic (Allium sativum) Varieties under Zero Tillage Mulch Condition in Southern Coastal Region of Bangladesh

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Rina Rani Saha ◽  
Md. Abul Khayer Mian ◽  
Subarna Kundu ◽  
Khokan Kumer Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Local Cultivar

The experiment was carried out under ACIAR-KGF project at farmers’ field of Tildanga village at Dacope Upazilla under Khulna District during rabi season of 2018–19 after harvest of previous transplanted aman rice to find out the suitable variety of garlic (Allium sativum) for cultivation in southern coastal region of Bangladesh and to observe the effect of straw mulching on the yield of garlic. The experimental area faces slight to moderately drought and saline prone at later part of winter season and beginning of summer. The salinity causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation restricting the normal crop production. Farmers generally cultivate only single transplanted aman (T.aman) rice in a year at south and south-western coastal saline areas. Garlic is one of the important spices crop in Bangladesh. The treatments of the experiment were five garlic varieties viz., V1 = BARI Roshun-1, V2 = BARI Roshun-2, V3 = BARI Roshun-3, V4 = BARI Roshun-4 which were developed by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and V5 = Local cultivar. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. All five varieties of garlic were sown on 17 December 2018 under zero tillage condition. BARI Roshun-1 gave the highest number of bulb/m2 (57), pseudostem height (37 cm), weight of individual bulb (7.65 g) and bulb yield (5.81 t/ha). BARI Roshun-3 gave the lowest yield (3.87 t/ha). It was also observed that the soil moisture of the farmers’ field were higher during sowing of garlic which was not suitable for ploughing the land. So timely establishment of garlic is possible by following hand dibbling methods under zero tillage condition on the muddy soil surface and also cost effective. Mulching can protect the evaporation loss and reduces the salinity stress which ultimately influence the crop establishment and yield. Earlier farmers of Tildanga at Dacope under Khulna District had no idea about the cultivation of garlic under zero tillage along with straw much. When the experimental results were demonstrated and discussed about the technology to the farmers gathering during Field Day then they were impressed and interested to grow garlic. Fallow land of coastal areas of Bangladesh could be utilized through disseminating this technology and ultimately cropping intensification increased.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plants Extracts from Capsicum annum and Allium sativum against Aphis craccivora Attacking Cowpea Plant in Kano, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibril Abdullahi ◽  
Nuradeen Abdullahi ◽  
Musa Haruna ◽  
Sani Muhammad Yahaya ◽  
Ladan Wada Hayatu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Safe Food

The efficacy of Capsicum annum fruits and Allium sativum cloves methanolic crude extracts were evaluated on field for the control of Aphis craccivora attacking cowpea plants. Two cowpea genotypes (IAR-48 and IT97K-499-35) were planted separately in a randomized block design, for a cowpea genotype an experimental plots measured 5m x 3m with 1.5m space between plots was demarcated. The plot contained four subplots each measured 1.67m x 3m and replicated three times, given the total of twelve subplots. Within a subplot are three pairs of ridges (70cm apart) tallied with the three different concentrations (200, 600 and 1000ppm) for the plant extracts treatments application. Plant extract treatments along side with synthetic chemical insecticide (Magic force) as positive control were applied to the subplots using Knapsack sprayer 15 days after sowing. The results showed that the population scores of A. craccivora after treatments application on susceptible genotype IAR-48 was reduced significantly (p <0.05) when compared with untreated control subplot. The least population scores of this insect on genotype IAR-48 was recorded in plants treated with A. sativum at 600ppm concentration level which was effective over positive control (synthetic chemical). The genotype IT97K-499-35 recorded no population aphid in plants treated with A. sativum at 200ppm concentration level which is also effective over the positive control. There is critical need to enhance the use of plant extracts scientifically on field as part of Integrated Pests Management for safe food production.

scholarly journals Kombinasi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum), Serai (Cymbopogon citratus) dan Sirsak (Annona muricata) sebagai Pestisida Nabati pada Kutu Daun (Aphis gossypll) Tanaman Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Eko Pranoto ◽  
Saimul Laili ◽  
Ratna Djuniwati Lesminingsih
Keyword(s):  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Good Management ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Natural Pesticide

Chili plants is one of the leading horticultural commodities, but in increasing the production and quality of chili plants against pest attacks are not accompanied by good management and right, so this causes a decrease in the level of chili production. The aim of this research is to find out the combination reaction of garlic (Allium sativum), lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) and soursop (Annona muricata) as natural pasticides against aphids (Aphis gossypll) of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens). This research was conducted experimentally by using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 treatments of various kinds of concentrations namely 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%; repeated five times. In this study the mixture combination was higher at a concentration of 40% with a mortality of 43.6%.Keywords:: chili plants, pest Aphids, natural pesticide.  ABSTRAKTanaman cabai merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura unggulan namun dalam peningkatan produksi dan kualitas tanaman cabai terhadap serangan hama tidak dibarengi dengan pengelolaan yang baik dan benar, sehingga hal ini menyebabkan menurunnya tingkat produksi tanaman cabai. Penelitian bertujuan megetahui reaksi kombinasi bawang putih (Allium sativum), serai (cymbopogon citratus) dan sirsak (Annona muricata) sebagai pastisida alami terhadap hama kutu daun (Aphis gossypll ) tanaman cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens).  Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimen dengan menggunakan Rancangan AcakKelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan macam konsentrasi yaitu 0% , 10% , 20% , 30% , dan 40%; diulang lima kali.  Pada hasil penelitian ini kombinasi campuran lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi 40% dengan mortalitas 43,6 %.Kata kunci: cabai rawit, kutu daun, pestisida alami

scholarly journals Penetapan Kebutuhan Air Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum annuum L.) dan Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devie Rienzani Supriadi ◽  
Anas D. Susila ◽  
Eko Sulistyono
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

ABSTRACTCrop production can not be separated from the management provided, such as cultivation techniques in determining of water requirements. Water availability determines the success of crop production, either vegetative or generative because water is a basic need for plants. This study was conducted from March to June 2016 in a greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Station, Bogor Agricultural University. It consisted of 2 sets of experiment. The first experiment used a red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and second experiment used a cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). Each experiment was arranged in a single factor randomized block design (RBD) with irrigation level treatment (V) consisted of 5 levels, i.e. v1 = 1 kc.Eo, v2 = 2 kc.Eo, v3 = 3 kc.Eo, v4 = 4 kc.Eo, and v5 = 5 kc.Eo. kc is a plant coefficient and Eo is pan evaporation measured every two days before irrigation. The results showed that the response of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) on growth and production parameters were linear. The water requirement of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) was still higher than the highest irrigation level of treatment given in this experiment i.e. 5 kc.Eo.Keywords: evapotranspiration, irrigation, number of flowers, plant coefficient, plant heightABSTRAKKeberhasilan tanaman untuk berproduksi secara maksimal tidak terlepas dari pengelolaan yang diberikan seperti teknik budidaya dalam penetapan jumlah air yang dibutuhkan. Ketersediaan air menentukan keberhasilan produksi tanaman, baik secara vegetatif maupun generatif karena air merupakan kebutuhan dasar bagi tanaman. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Juni 2016, bertempat di rumah kaca Kebun Percobaan Cikabayan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 set percobaan, percobaan 1 menggunakan cabai merah (Capsicum annuum L.) dan percobaan 2 menggunakan cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.). Masing-masing percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) satu faktor perlakuan yaitu tingkat irigasi (V) yang terdiri atas 5 taraf, yaitu: v1 = 1 kc.Eo, v2 = 2 kc.Eo, v3 = 3 kc.Eo, v4 = 4 kc.Eo, dan v5 = 5 kc.Eo. kc adalah koefisien tanaman dan Eo adalah evaporasi panci yang diukur setiap dua hari sekali sebelum irigasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa respon tanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annuum L.) dan cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) pada parameter pertumbuhan dan produksi merupakan respon linier. Kebutuhan air tanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annuum L.) dan cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tingkat irigasi tertinggi yang diberikan pada percobaan ini yaitu 5 kc.Eo.Kata kunci: evapotranspirasi, irigasi, jumlah bunga, koefisien tanaman, tinggi tanaman

scholarly journals Effects of cultivar and planting spacing on yield and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Fakhar ◽  
Abbas Biabani ◽  
Mehdi Zarei ◽  
Ali Nakhzari Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Bulb Yield

Planting spacing is the systematic evaluation of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production. In order to study the effect of varying planting patterns in two garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars, an experiment was carried out as a factorial design based on randomised complete block design with three replications in the farm of Gonbad-e-Kavous University during 2016- 2017. The factors consisted of seven planting spacing (12.5×12.5, 15×15, 17.5×17.5, 20×20, 22.5×22.5, 25×25 and 27.5×27.5 cm) and two cultivars (Tarom and Hamedan). The fresh bulb yield, bulb weight, clove weight, clove number of bulb, plant height, bulb diameter, bulb length, clove diameter, skin number and stem length were recorded. Results showed that there were significant differences between both planting spaces and cultivars in all variables assessed. The highest bulb yield (19,014 kg ha–1) was recorded in Hamedan with the spacing 12.5×12.5 cm, while the lowest bulb yield (7572 kg ha–1) was detected in Tarom with the spacing 27.5×27.5 cm. The highest number of cloves was produced by Hamedan under the 27.5×27.5 cm arrangement. In addition, upon the correlation analysis between variables, the bulb weight showed the highest effect on garlic yield that bulb weight was negatively correlated with bulb yield (r= –0.60**). Generally, Cultivar Hamedan had a higher yield and yield components than Tarom and the spacing 12.5×12.5 cm had a higher yield than the other spacing.

scholarly journals Effect on soil health of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cultivation with Integrated Nutrient Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031
Author(s):  
Rohit Pawar ◽  
Santosh Barkule ◽  
Shruti Kirti ◽  
Dipesh Rasal
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Tropical Condition

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (Cauliflower) is an important commercial vegetable crop grown all over the world. In order to meet the growing demand of burgeoning population, large amounts of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers are being applied to the fields every year to achieve maximum production leading to deleterious environmental effects.The present investigation ‘Integrated nutrient management in cauliflower was undertaken at the Instructional Farm of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Latur during the Rabi season. The experiment laid out in Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. The treatment comprises with RDF (120:80:40 NPK kg/ha.), FYM (10 t/ha), Azotobacter and Azospirillum (10 kg/ha). The variety Snowball – 16 was selected for the study. The data regarding soil analysis after harvesting, the maximum available nitrogen (265.66 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (23.26 kg ha-1) and available potassium (415.33 kg ha-1) were recorded in highest dose of INM i.e. 100 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum(T2) and is was statistically at par with T6 and T8. The maximum organic carbon (0.93 per cent) was recorded in the treatment 75 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum(T6). There were no significant differences of INM treatments observed on soil pH and electrical conductivity. This result suggested that 25% chemical fertilizers can be reduced without any compromise on fertility status of the soil for cauliflower crop production in sub-tropical condition.

scholarly journals UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSBIMA SEBAGAI SUBTITUTOR SIDABAS 500 SC TERHADAP HAMA THRIPS (Thrips sp) PADA TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Utami ◽  
Mochamad Soeprijadi Djoko Laksana
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Cure Rates

Research to determine the effectiveness of the extract against diseases curly terms of cure rates and yields of crops cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens l.) In Kedung Padang District of Rejoso Nganjuk. Target outcomes in the form of (1) Product insecticide mahogany seed, (2). Increased yields cayenne pepper. (3). Decrease the use of chemical insecticide. The results are used by farmers as subtitutor sidabas or other insecticides. The study used an experimental method with randomized block design Randomized Complete Block Design or (RCBD) which consists of 5 levels of treatment and four replications (4 blocks). Applied research in the area of 2500 m2 chili. 5 levels of treatment are: A = with insecticide mahogany 75 cc / 14 l of water., B = with insecticide mahogany 100 cc / 14 l of water, C = with insecticide mahogany 200 cc / 14 l of water, D = with insecticide mahogany 150 cc / 14 l of water, E = with chemical insecticides Sidabas 500 SC. The results showed that treatment with insecticide mahogany D 150 cc / 14 liters of water, produces cure rates of disease, most notably curly 91.41% and yield the greatest 174 kg. E treatment with chemical insecticides sidabas 500 SC provides 64.84% cure rate and yield 127 kg. This means insecticide mahogany 150 cc / 14 liters of water is more effective than sidabas 500 SC

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OFF-SEASON CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS) IN ARGHAKHANCHI, NEPAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Srijana Pandey ◽  
Sapana Parajuli ◽  
Biplov Oli ◽  
Surya Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Different Doses

The research was conducted at Beltari Sandhikharka-10, Arghakhanchi district to study about the effect of various doses of boron on growth and yield attributing characters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) during off-season from February to June in 2020. Five treatments; B0 (control/no application), B1: 2kg/ha, B2: 4kg/ha, B3: 6kg/ha, B4: 8kg/ha which are the different doses of boron application were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications. The growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant leaf length and leaf breadth of largest leaf were recorded multiple times with 15 days interval. Days to curd initiation and Days from curd initiation to harvest were recorded by regular field observation. The yield parameters; curd weight with leaves, Marketable curd weight, average curd yield, incidence of hollowing were recorded during harvest. The economics from application of boron doses in cauliflower production was obtained in terms of cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns, and benefit cost ratio. The result showed that the growth and yield attributing characters of cauliflower were significantly affected by application of boron in which the value of these parameters was found significantly higher in B1 followed by other treatments. The average curd yield of cauliflower in B1 was found to be 12.39 mt/ha which was 48.92% higher than that of B0 with curd yield 8.32 mt/ha. Similarly, the net return was found significantly the highest in B1 and the lowest in B0. The result showed that application of boron in the range of 2-4 kg/ha is preferred to control and higher doses in respect of both productivity and economics.

scholarly journals Effects of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Yield and Fertilizer Requirement of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Mojid ◽  
G C L Wyseure ◽  
S K Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement ◽  
Raw Wastewater

Due to increasing scarcity of fresh water, use of unconventional water source (e.g., wastewater) in irrigation has now become important. However, inclusive information on the effects of wastewater on crop production and soil health is necessary for such intervention. This study was designed to evaluate these effects by demonstrating the contribution of municipal wastewater (hereafter called wastewater) on yield and nutrient requirement of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) cv Shatabdi. Five irrigation treatments - I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5  were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during November-March of 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 at the experimental field of the Bangladesh Agricultural University,  Mymensingh. The treatments I2-I5 consisted of blended wastewater and I1 of fresh water (control). The ratio of wastewater to total irrigation water was 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 in I2, I3, I4 and I5, respectively. Wheat was cultivated with three irrigations and recommended doses of fertilizer in three consecutive years. Wastewater contained nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) @ 17.5, 3.7 and 10.3 mg/L, respectively, and irrigation by raw wastewater (I5) contributed 19.1, 15.1 and 21.7% of the recommended N, P and K, respectively. Biomass yield increased with increasing fraction of wastewater in irrigation. Grain yield increased for the wastewater fraction of 0.50 - 0.75 in irrigation but decreased when irrigation was applied by raw wastewater. Excess fertilizer (under I5) boosted up growth of wheat, but did not contribute to the grain yield. Number of grains per spike; and grain, straw and biological yields significantly (p = 0.05) increased due to the contribution of wastewater. Wastewater significantly improved grain and biomass production, with the largest value obtained in I4 (4.61 t/ha grain yield and 11.36 t/ha biomass yield).  Raw wastewater in combination with recommended fertilizer doses caused over-fertilization that contributed only in biomass production but not in grain production of wheat and irrigation by wastewater substantially reduced fertilizer requirement of wheat.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 01-14

A Review of Herbicide Resistance in Iran

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Gherekhloo ◽  
Mostafa Oveisi ◽  
Eskandar Zand ◽  
Rafael De Prado
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Continuous Use

Continuous use of herbicides has triggered a phenomenon called herbicide resistance. Nowadays, herbicide resistance is a worldwide problem that threatens sustainable agriculture. A study of over a decade on herbicides in Iran has revealed that herbicide resistance has been occurring since 2004 in some weed species. Almost all the results of these studies have been published in national scientific journals and in conference proceedings on the subject. In the current review, studies on herbicide resistance in Iran were included to provide a perspective of developing weed resistance to herbicides for international scientists. More than 70% of arable land in Iran is given over to cultivation of wheat, barley, and rice; wheat alone covers nearly 52%. Within the past 40 years, 108 herbicides from different groups of modes of action have been registered in Iran, of which 28 are for the selective control of weeds in wheat and barley. Major resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides has been shown in some weed species, such as winter wild oat, wild oat, littleseed canarygrass, hood canarygrass, and rigid ryegrass. With respect to the broad area of wheat crop production and continuous use of herbicides with the sole mechanism of action of ACCase inhibition, the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Tehran, Khorasan, Isfahan, Markazi, and Semnan are at risk of resistance development. In addition, because of continuous long-term use of tribenuron-methyl, resistance in broadleaf species is also being developed. Evidence has recently shown resistance of turnipweed and wild mustard populations to this herbicide. Stable monitoring of fields in doubtful areas and providing good education and training for technicians and farmers to practice integrated methods would help to prevent or delay the development of resistance to herbicides.

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