scholarly journals Evaluation of Plants Extracts from Capsicum annum and Allium sativum against Aphis craccivora Attacking Cowpea Plant in Kano, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibril Abdullahi ◽  
Nuradeen Abdullahi ◽  
Musa Haruna ◽  
Sani Muhammad Yahaya ◽  
Ladan Wada Hayatu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Safe Food

The efficacy of Capsicum annum fruits and Allium sativum cloves methanolic crude extracts were evaluated on field for the control of Aphis craccivora attacking cowpea plants. Two cowpea genotypes (IAR-48 and IT97K-499-35) were planted separately in a randomized block design, for a cowpea genotype an experimental plots measured 5m x 3m with 1.5m space between plots was demarcated. The plot contained four subplots each measured 1.67m x 3m and replicated three times, given the total of twelve subplots. Within a subplot are three pairs of ridges (70cm apart) tallied with the three different concentrations (200, 600 and 1000ppm) for the plant extracts treatments application. Plant extract treatments along side with synthetic chemical insecticide (Magic force) as positive control were applied to the subplots using Knapsack sprayer 15 days after sowing. The results showed that the population scores of A. craccivora after treatments application on susceptible genotype IAR-48 was reduced significantly (p <0.05) when compared with untreated control subplot. The least population scores of this insect on genotype IAR-48 was recorded in plants treated with A. sativum at 600ppm concentration level which was effective over positive control (synthetic chemical). The genotype IT97K-499-35 recorded no population aphid in plants treated with A. sativum at 200ppm concentration level which is also effective over the positive control. There is critical need to enhance the use of plant extracts scientifically on field as part of Integrated Pests Management for safe food production.

scholarly journals Efficiency of botanical extracts against Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) nymphs in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. e910
Author(s):  
Jefferson Auteliano Carvalho Dutra ◽  
Victor Emmanuel de Vasconcelos Gomes ◽  
Ervino Bleicher ◽  
Deivielison Ximenes Siqueira Macedo ◽  
Mirla Maria Mesquita Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Botanical Extracts

The present study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of hydroalcoholic plant extracts on Aphis craccivora Koch nymphs in cowpea. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design with five repetitions. Hydrated ethanol was used as a solvent in the botanical extract preparation. Cowpea plants were infested with five female adult aphids, eleven days after planting. After 48 hours, the adults were removed from the plants, leaving the recently bred nymphs. The evaluation of the nymphs’ survival was carried out forty-eight 48 hours after the application of the plant extracts. The botanical extracts with more than 50% efficiency were: Allium tuberosum leaf, Caesalpinia ferrea leaf, Piper aduncum leaf, Carica papaya seed, Dieffenbachia picta leaf, Cucurbita moschata seed and the control treatment, Annona squamosa seed. The botanical extracts with less than 50% efficiency were: Allium sativum bulb, Anacardium occidentale leaf, Borreria verticillata leaf plus flower, Coffea arabica leaf and seed, Delonix regia leaf and flower, Euphorbia tirucalli leaf, Leucaena leucocephala leaf, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia leaf, Nerium oleander leaf, Syzygium cumini leaf, endocarp and pericarp, Syzygium malaccense leaf, Zingiber officinale rizome and Ziziphus joazeiro leaf. The highest efficiency levels were obtained by D. picta and C. moschata, rendering these extracts suitable for field trials to further evaluate their efficieny against the cowpea black aphid.

scholarly journals Fertigation of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana with humic substance and saponin-based plant extracts

Revista CERES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-398
Author(s):  
Diego Magalhães de Melo* ◽  
Eugênio Ferreira Coelho ◽  
Raul Castro Carriello Rosa ◽  
Ana Lucia Borges ◽  
Djalma Barbosa dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Humic Substance ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Banana Cultivar

ABSTRACT The use of humic substances and plant extract has been increasing mainly in organic crop systems without scientific-based recommendations. Research is necessary to evaluate the feasibility and the recommendations of these substances. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of humic substances (humic and fulvic acids) applied by fertigation with and without saponin-based plant extracts on growth and yield of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana. The experiment was carried out using the banana cultivar ‘BRS Princesa’, at a spacing of 2.0 × 2.5 m, fertigated by drip irrigation in a Dystric Densic Xantic Ferralsol, at the Recôncavo da Bahia, Brazil. Treatments consisted of five doses of humic substances (0.0; 70; 105; 140, and 210 L ha-1cycle-1) applied with and without a saponin-based plant extract in a randomized block design in split-plot scheme. The following growth variables were evaluated: number of leaves, pseudostem height, pseudostem diameter, and length and width of the third leaf. The number of fruits/hand and hands/bunch, hand and bunch yield, and length and fruit diameter of the second central hand were evaluated during harvest. The doses of humic substances influenced only pseudostem height. Hand yield, as well as fruit length and diameter of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana were higher in plants fertigated with humic substance and plant extract in comparison with plants fertigated with only humic substance.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Mikoriza Terhadap Pertumbuhan Beberapa Varietas Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) pada Tanah Incepticol Krueng Raya Aceh Besar

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Rahmat Fitra Yandi Nasution ◽  
Syamsuddin Syamsuddin ◽  
Syafruddin Syafruddin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Experimental Garden ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis mikoriza, varietas dan interaksi jenis mikoriza dan varietas terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai pada tanah Incepticol. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Iesuum Krueng Raya Aceh Besar, Rumah Kaca dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh dari bulan Mei sampai September 2018. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial 3 x 2 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis mikoriza dan varietas. Jenis mikoriza yang digunakan adalah Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp dan Campuran serta varietas yang digunakan adalah varietas Lado F1 dan Perintis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan jenis mikoriza berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman 30 dan 45 HSTdan jumlah cabang produktif. Jenis mikoriza terbaik terdapat pada jenis mikoriza campuran (Glomus mosseae dan Gigaspora sp). Pada varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman 15,30 dan 45 HST, diameter batang 30 dan 40 HST dan jumlah cabang produktif serta berpengaruh nyata pada diameter batang 45 HST. Jenis varietas terbaik terdapat pada varietas Lado. Interaksi antara jenis mikoriza dan jenis varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman 30 HST dan jumlah cabang produktif serta berpengaruh nyata pada diameter batang 30 HST.Interaksi antara jenis mikoriza dan varietas terbaik tedapat pada jenis mikoriza campuran (Glomus mosseae dan Gigaspora sp) dengan varietas Lado F1.The Effect of Mycorrhizal Types on the Growth of Some Chili Varieties in Incepticol Soil Krueng Raya Aceh BesarAbstract. This research aims to determine the effect of type of mycorrhiza, varieties, and interactions of mycorrhiza and varieties types on the growth and yield of chili plants on the Inceptisol land. This research was carried out at the Krueng Raya Iesuum Experimental Garden in Aceh Besar, greenhouse and laboratory of plant physiology, Faculty of Agriculture of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh from Mei to September 2018. The analysis of data used in this study was Randomized Block Design -Factorial 3x2 with 3 replications. The factors observed in this research were the type of mycorrhiza and varieties. Types of mycorrhiza used are Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora, and the combination. Varieties used are Lado F1 and Perintis. The result of this research showed that types of mycorrhiza take effect significantly on plant height 30 dan 45 DAP and productive branch numbers. The mixed of mycorrhiza gives the best result on growth and yield of chili plant. The varieties of chili plants highly significant take effect on plant height 15, 30 and 45 DAP, stem diameter 30 and 40 HST and productive branch numbers and significantly affect on stem diameter 45 DAP. Lado F1 gives the best result on growth and yield. The interactions of mycorrhiza and varieties type highly significant take effect on plant height 30 HST and productive branch number and significantly take effect on stem diameter 30 HST. The combination of mixed mycorrhiza and Lado F1 treatment gives the best result on growth and yield of chili plants. 

scholarly journals Agronomic and Economic Evaluation of Sequential Spray of Silicon and Fungicides for a Sustainable Soybean Crop

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Renato Anastácio Guazina ◽  
Rosiane Araujo Rodrigues Nass ◽  
Gustavo De Faria Theodoro ◽  
Ricardo Carneiro Brumatti ◽  
Sofia Michele Muchalak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Aluminum Silicate ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This study was carried out to determine whether the yield of soybean cultivars and the severity of Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) are influenced by foliar spray of silicon exclusively or along with a fungicide mixture, as well as the economic viability of their use for a sustainable crop. The experiment was performed in randomized-block design, five replicates, two soybean cultivars and (2×6) + 2 factorial arrangements: S1 (AlSi at R1 + R4); S2 (AlSi at R1 + R5.1); S3 (AlSi at R1 + FM at R4); S4 (FM at R1 + AlSi at R4); S5 (AlSi at R1 + FM at R5.1); S6 (FM at R1 + AlSi at R5.1); NC and PC (negative and positive control). The economic evaluation and sensitivity analysis were undertaken for Anta 82 RR. There was no interaction effect between the factors, and cultivar CD 2737 had a higher yield. ASR was less severe in CD 2737, and S3 and S5 provided the lowest disease severity. Exclusive spray of aluminum silicate was able to reduce the number of lesions with uredinia, open uredinia and uredinia per lesion. S3 increased grain yield, resulting in higher revenues and a 66.1% gross margin. Sensitivity analysis revealed that S3 was profitable in all scenarios.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA BEBERAPA EKSTRAK TANAMAN PADA HAM A LIRIOMYZA SATIVAE (BLANCHARD)

AGRICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Karolus A.N. Nainiti ◽  
I Wayan Supartha ◽  
IG.M.Oka Nurjaya
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Liriomyza Sativae ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Insecticide Activity ◽  
Agricultural Faculty

The usage of herbal insecticide for leafminer control is based on the principle that organic compounds that are produced by plants to survive from the leafminer are selective, can be digested by the organism, and also can be broken down by heat, oxygen,  and sunshine. This study was to test the activity of  15 plant extracts to find out which kinds of plant extracts had insecticide activity to  Liriomyza Sativa. The study design was a randomized block design, with 17 treatments (15 kinds of plant extract and two controls), and was replicated five times. The trials were done at the glasshouse of Pest and Plant Disease Department of Agricultural Faculty at Udayana University. The results of the study showed that each plant extract that was used in this trial had different insecticide activity to  L  Sativa. The seed coat extract from the seed A. occidentale L. and the extract of P. retrofractum Vahl had the highest insecticide activity to L sativae.

scholarly journals Preferência do Pulgão-Preto, Aphis Craccivora Koch, a Dois Diferentes Genótipos de Feijão-Caupi, Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Kleyton Rezende Ferreira ◽  
César Murilo de Albuquerque Correa ◽  
Rodrigo Lemos Gil ◽  
Luciano Rodrigo Lanssanova ◽  
Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
The North ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Resistance To Insects ◽  
Plant Resistance To Insects ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Different Populations

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) destaca-se por sua importância socioeconômica para as famílias das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. O pulgão preto (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) destaca-se na cultura do feijão-caupi por ser considerado como uma das principais pragas que afetam negativamente a sua produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a preferência de A. craccivora por dois diferentes genótipos de feijão-caupi (Cauamé e Tapaihum) em condições de campo. O experimento contou com 5 populações diferentes para cada genótipo. As coletas dos dados foram realizadas nos dias 17/05, 29/05 e 07/06 do ano de 2013. Nesses dias foi realizada a contagem do número de pulgões que infestavam o pecíolo e o trifólio mais jovem de oito plantas ao acaso, em cada parcela o delineamento estatístico experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos (5 populações do genótipo Cauamé e 5 populações do genótipo Tapaihum) e quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas e transformadas em √x+1 pelo teste de Tukey a 5% no software ESTAT. Os pulgões observados nos genótipos de Feijão-caupi variaram de zero para Cauamé 12 a 6,88 no genótipo Tapaihum 6, nas observações do dia 29/05/2013, sendo a maior média do número de pulgões entre todas as populações dos genótipos (4,79) no dia 17/05/2013 e a menor (0,17). O pulgão A. craccivora não tem preferência entre os genótipos Cauamé e Tapaihum.Palavras-chave: Antixenose. Feijão de Corda. Resistência de Planta a Insetos.AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) stands out for its socioeconomic importance for the families of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil.  Black aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) stands out in the cowpea culture because it is considered one of the main pests that negatively affect its production. The aim of this study was to verify the preference of A. craccivora for cowpea genotypes under field conditions. The preference of black aphid to two different genotypes (Cauamé and Tapaihum) of Cowpea was evaluated. The experiment consisted of 5 different populations for each genotype. The data were collected on 05/17, 05/29 and 06/07 of the year 2013. In  those days, the number of aphids that infested the petiole and the young trifolium of eight plants at random were counted,  in each plot a randomized block design was performed  with 10 treatments (5 populations of the Cauamé genotype and 5 populations of the Tapaihum genotype) and four replications. Data were subjected  to ANOVA and the means compared and transformed in √x + 1 by the Tukey test (5%) in ESTAT software. The aphids observed in the cowpea genotypes ranged from zero to Cauamé 12 to 6.88 in the Tapaihum 6 genotype, the observations of may/29th/2013 were the highest mean of aphids among all populations of the genotypes (4.79) and on may/17th/2013 the lowest (0.17). The A. craccivora aphid has no preference between the Cauamé and Tapaihum Genotypes.Keywords:  Antixenosis. Feijão de Corda. Plant Resistance to Insects.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK KOMPOS KANDANG SAPI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABE KERITING (Capsicum annum L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Lukman Arif ◽  
Karmila Karmila
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This study aims to determine the effect of cow manure compost on the growth and yield of curly chili plants (Capsicum annum L). This research was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications so that there were 18 polybags. The results of the study, that the administration of cow manure at a dose of 1: 5 formed more productive branches and the highest yield with an average weight of 105.65g/tree

scholarly journals Symbiotics and Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts in broiler feed

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Rodrigues Oliveira ◽  
Fabiana Ramos Santos ◽  
Eduardo Ferreira Duarte ◽  
Gustavo Silva Guimarães ◽  
Nadiessa Sartori Carvalho Mattos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Symphytum Officinale ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This study aimed to test the effects of dietary Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts added separately or in combination with symbiotics on the performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemical parameters, biometrics, and intestinal histomorfometry of broilers. The experiment had a randomized block design with five treatments and six replicates of ten broilers each. Treatments were as follows: negative control and positive control (diet without and with antibiotic, respectively); 0.2% Aloe vera (AV); 0.2% Symphytum officinale (S); 0.2% functional supplement, composed of symbiotics fermented in Aloe vera and comfrey plant extracts (S+PE). At seven days of age, FI of birds fed the Aloe vera extracts diets were lower than that observed for birds consuming the diet with Symphytum officinale extract and S+PE. Broiler performance remained unaffected by treatments at others ages evaluated. At 10 to 14 days of age the lowest ADCDM ADCCP was shown in group feed NC. The highest ADCCP was observed in PC control group and in diets supplemented with Aloe vera and S+PE. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorus were affected by addition of extracts at seven, 21, and 35 days of age. The longest duodenal villi were observed in broilers fed S+PE diets at seven days of age. Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts and symbiotics can be used in broiler diets as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics.

scholarly journals APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA NABATI BERBAHAN TANAMAN RAWA UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN HAMA KEDELAI ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura) DI LAHAN RAWA PASANG SURUT

AgriPeat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Syaiful Asikin ◽  
Melhanah Melhanah ◽  
Yuni Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Botanical Insecticide ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Randomized Block Design

One type of pest that often attacks soybean plant leaves in tidal swamplands is the armyworm pest. The intensity of leaf damage due to armyworm attack in tidal swamps ranges from 30-95%, and can even lead to crop failure. In controlling pests in soybean plants in general, always rely on chemical insecticides. The use of these chemical insecticides has a negative impact on the environment. To overcome this, the control is directed towards environmentally friendly pest control by utilizing swamp plants as a botanical insecticide. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 treatments of swamp plant extracts (galam, kirinyuh, kepayang) and 3 controls, namely without control, botanical insecticide made from neem, chemical insecticide with the active ingredient kloraniliprol. The aim of this study was to obtain a swamp plant extract that could be used in controlling armyworm pests (Spodoptera litura). The results showed that the three types of swamp plants could be used as botanical insecticides in controlling armyworm pests, and has an effectiveness value above 70%. The highest effectiveness of botanical insecticides was obtained at the age of 75 DAP, namely Galam (78.29%), Kirinyuh (78.86%) and Kepayang (78.85%).

scholarly journals Induksi Mutasi Kromosom dengan Kolkisin Pada Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) Kultivar ‘Kesuna Bali’ (Induced Chromosome Mutation Using Colchicine in Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) Cultivar ‘Kesuna Bali’)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Made Pharmawati ◽  
Ni Luh Ayu Jami Wistiani
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Induced Mutation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Chromosome Mutation

Abstrak Tanaman bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) adalah tanaman holtikultura yang memiliki banyak manfaat terutama umbinya yang umumnya digunakan sebgai bumbu dan obat. Salah satu kultivar bawang putih yang ditanam di Bali adalah ‘Kesuna Bali’ yang hanya memiliki satu siung.  Salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki karakter tanaman adalah dengan cara induksi mutasi kromosom dengan kolkisin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh perlakuan kolkisin terhadap indeks stomata dan jumlah kromosom dari tanaman ‘Kesuna Bali’. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan enam ulangan. Perlakuan kolkisin yang digunakan adalah 5%, 10% dan 20%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kolkisin menurunkan indeks stomata dan meningkatkan jumlah kromosom. Kromosom triploid (2n=3x=24) dihasilkan pada perlakuan kolkisin 20%. Kata kunci : Allium sativum L., ’Kesuna Bali”, kolkisin, mutasi, sitologi Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a horticultural crop that has many benefits, especially as spice and traditional medicine.  One of garlic cultivars planted in Bali is ‘Kesuna Bali’ which only has one clove. To improve characters of ‘Kesuna Bali’, modification of ‘Kesuna Bali’ properties can be done by means of induced mutation using colchicine.  This research aims to analyse the effect of colchicine on stomata index and the number of chromosomes of 'Kesuna Bali'. This research used randomized block design with six replicates. In this experiment the concentration of colchicine used were 5%, 10% and 20%. The results of this study showed that colchicine treatment of 20% resulted in the lowest stomata index and there was an increase in chromosome number. Colchicine at concentration of 20% resulted in triploid chromosome set (2n = 3x = 24). Keywords: Allium sativum L., ’Kesuna Bali”, cholchicine, mutation, cytology

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