scholarly journals Toward a Computational Model of the Upper Extremity

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hooshang Hemami
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Euler Method ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Computational Testing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Space Formulation ◽  
Circular Surface ◽  
Multi Body

A basic 22-segment model of the upper extremity is formulated that can allow computational testing of hypotheses about the control and coordination of the upper extremity by the central nervous system. The formulation allows for further analytical, anatomical, physiological, and bio-mechanical expansion and improvement of the model. It allows for inclusion of all passive structures: ligaments, membranes, soft tissues, and cartilages. The formulation is based on the state space formulation of the Newton-Euler method applied to multi-body systems. Extensive use is made of three-segment rigid body modules, constraints, reduction of dimensionality, projection, and matrices of large dimensions.An example, gliding motion of a rigid body on a circular surface (as in wiping a dish with a pre-specified force of contact) shows the application of some of the concepts and feasibility of the developed routines. The control is based on analogous strategies in living systems where co-activation of agonist-antagonist muscular systems and precise reference inputs implement the desirable trajectories of motion and where an integral feedback of the force implements the desired forces of contact.

scholarly journals All That Coughs Is Not Covid-19: A Delayed Diagnosis of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Following SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C Chen ◽  
Darren Wong ◽  
Sina Rabi ◽  
Scott Worswick ◽  
Brittney DeClerck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Endemic Fungi ◽  
Respiratory Complaints

Abstract Coccidioides immitis (and C. posadasii) are endemic fungi of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Uncomplicated, symptomatic Coccidioides infection most commonly causes a self-limited pneumonia; however, immunocompromised patients can manifest severe pneumonia with an additional risk of dissemination to bone, joints, soft tissues, and in the most severe the cases, the central nervous system. In the year 2020 clinicians are challenged with a previously unseen volume of acute respiratory complaints as a result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. We present a patient with respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 who experienced prolonged hypoxia and neurologic deterioration, eventually leading to a diagnosis of occult disseminated coccidiomycosis involving meningitis, miliary-pattern pneumonia, and cutaneous lesions.

Sir Robert Stawell Ball and methodologies of modern screw theory

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Lipkin ◽  
J Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Computational Geometry ◽  
Rigid Body ◽  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Screw Theory ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Dual Numbers ◽  
Body Dynamics ◽  
Rigid Body Mechanics ◽  
Multi Body

The theory of screws was largely developed by Sir Robert Stawell Ball over 100 years ago to investigate general problems in rigid body mechanics. Nowadays, screw theory is applied in many different but related forms including dual numbers, Plilcker coordinates and Lie algebra. An overview of these methodologies is presented along with a perspective on Ball. Screw theory has re-emerged after a hiatus to become an important tool in robot mechanics, mechanical design, computational geometry and multi-body dynamics.

scholarly journals Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Liver: A Case Report

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cambruzzi ◽  
Enilde Eloena Guerra ◽  
Hamilton Cardoso Hilgert ◽  
Herbert Jorge Schmitz ◽  
Vinícius Lopes Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Neuroectodermal Tumor ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Resected Liver ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Right Lobe ◽  
Upper Abdominal ◽  
The Right

Primary liver sarcomas represent a rare group of neoplasias, with angiosarcoma being the most common histological type. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) represents a high malignant neoplasia that usually affects the central nervous system and soft tissues. An 18-year-old male patient was admitted with clinical complains of pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant. The clinical evaluation revealed a solid mass in the right hepatic lobe. On the gross examination of the resected liver specimen, the right lobe of the liver was replaced by a yellow-red solid mass measuring 21 cm in its largest dimension. On the histopathology, a tumor composed of small round blue cells with little cytoplasm and round nuclei was identified. The lesion revealed positive immunoexpression for vimentin and CD99 and negative immunostaining for desmin, CD45, cytokeratin, and neuroblastoma protein, suggesting, then, the diagnosis of PNET. Although it is an unusual tumor, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of liver masses, especially in young patients.

scholarly journals Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
pp. 1358-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Soles ◽  
Allecia Wilson ◽  
David R. Lucas ◽  
Amer Heider
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Local Recurrence ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Neuroectodermal Tumor ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Incomplete Resection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Blue Cell

Context.— Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, albeit rare and generally regarded as benign, is an important tumor to recognize because of its rapid growth, potential for local recurrence, and small round blue cell morphology, which can lead to misdiagnosis of a malignant neoplasm. Objective.— To review its clinical presentation and immunomorphologic findings, and discuss common entities in the differential diagnosis. Data Sources.— The study involved PubMed searches, including multiple review articles, case studies, retrospective studies, selected book chapters, and University of Michigan cases. Conclusions.— Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy most commonly occurs in the bones of the head and neck region during the first year of life, but it can also present in other locations, including the central nervous system, testes, ovaries, and subcutaneous soft tissues. Histologically, it is composed of a biphasic population of cells, consisting of epithelioid melanin-producing cells and primitive neurogenic cells in a fibrocollagenous stroma. These microscopic findings, especially in small biopsies, can lead to a broad differential diagnosis that includes malignant small round blue cell tumors and malignant melanoma. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy commonly has an infiltrative growth pattern, and anatomic constraints often lead to incomplete resection and local recurrence, requiring multiple surgical operations. Because melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy can mimic a more aggressive and aggressively treated malignancy, recognition of this rare tumor is very crucial for pathologists.

scholarly journals Groin Flap for Salvage of Upper Extremity Following Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-155
Author(s):  
Chenicheri Balakrishnan ◽  
Venkata S Erella ◽  
Shawn Vandemark ◽  
Jason Mussman
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Skin Grafting ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Groin Flap ◽  
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Extensive Debridement ◽  
The Common

Necrotizing soft tissue infections are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality Early surgical excision along with antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of management. Salvage of these extremities is often difficult due to loss of soft tissues, tendons, nerves and blood vessels. Skin grafting of the granulating wound is the common method of closure in these patients. Use of various flaps has improved reconstructive options in these extremities. A case of salvage of upper extremity using a groin flap following extensive debridement is reported.

Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma Metastatic to the Pancreas: Case Report

Neurosurgery ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrikus G.J. Krouwer ◽  
John Vollmerhausen ◽  
Joel White ◽  
Michael D. Prados
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Extraneural Metastases ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Multidrug Chemotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma ◽  
Local Radiation ◽  
Weiss Criteria

Abstract A case is reported in which a desmoplastic medulloblastoma metastasized to the pancreas and to the surrounding soft tissues but did not recur locally or disseminate within the central nervous system. Multidrug chemotherapy and local radiation therapy resulted in a complete remission. In all four previously reported cases of medulloblastoma metastasizing to the pancreas, the diagnosis was not made until the postmortem examination, and all of these patients also had extensive metastases in other organ systems. Modification of the Weiss criteria defining extraneural metastases from tumors of the central nervous system is suggested.

Abstract 144: Forced Aerobic Exercise Enhances Upper Extremity Task Practice in Patients with Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Linder ◽  
Anson Rosenfeldt ◽  
Jay Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Depressive Symptomology ◽  
Task Practice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Minute Session

Introduction: Aerobic exercise (AE) has been shown to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with stroke; however, the potential role of AE in enhancing neuroplasticity after stroke has not been systematically studied. We have implemented a forced exercise (FE) cycling intervention, initially developed for individuals with Parkinson’s disease, with a cohort of individuals with chronic stroke. We hypothesize that intensive AE training, when paired with repetitive task practice (RTP), will “prime” the central nervous system, to exploit the motor learning effects of task practice. Hypothesis: Individuals who perform FE followed by RTP will demonstrate greater improvements in motor and non-motor function compared to the voluntary rate aerobic exercise (VE) + RTP and RTP only groups. Individuals in both AE groups (FE and VE) will demonstrate greater improvements in VO2peak compared to the RTP only group. Methods: Fifteen individuals 6-12 months post-stroke were enrolled into one of the following groups: 1) Forced Exercise + RTP (FE + RTP); 2) Voluntary Exercise + RTP (VE + RTP); and 3) Time-matched RTP. Participants in the AE groups completed one 45-minute session of stationary cycling followed immediately by one 45-minute session of upper extremity RTP; however, the rate of cycling for the FE group was augmented to approximately 35% faster than their voluntary rate. All participants completed a total of 24 exercise sessions over an 8-week period. Results: While all three groups made significant improvements in motor function as measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (p=.03), the FE+RTP group exceeded the VE+RTP and RTP only groups, approaching statistical significance (p=0.06), despite the two AE groups completing 44% less RTP practice time than the RTP group. Improvements in self-reported quality of life and depressive symptomology also improved across all three groups, with trends favoring the FE group. VO2peak improved by 1.1 and 2.68 mL/kg/min for the FE+RTP and VE+RTP groups, respectively; while VO2peak decreased by 0.85mL/kg/min in the RTP group. Conclusion: FE + RTP is a promising intervention to enhance motor and non-motor function, in addition to aerobic capacity in individuals 6-12 months after stroke.

Paediatrische Radiologie: Stützgewebe-Zentralnervensystem-Syndrome, Vol. I, by Franz Schmid. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972, 504 pp., $78.70

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-631
Author(s):  
Edward B. D. Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pediatric Radiology ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Only the first volume of this projected two-volume textbook of pediatric radiology is available for review. Included in the first volume is a discussion of bones and soft tissues, the central nervous system, and 100 pages of syndromes in brief tabulated form. This is a handsome book written in German with 451 excellent illustrations. Few of the 16 contributing authors are well known in this country and it would seem that few are full-time pediatric radiologists.

Bladder Problems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neurogenic Bladder ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
System Control ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Urinary problems occur with normal aging. In women they often relate to the changes in female anatomy due to the delivering of babies. With superimposed age-related changes in soft tissues, laxity may result in incontinence (loss of urinary control), especially with coughing, laughing, or straining. In men the opposite symptom tends to occur: urinary hesitancy (inability to evacuate the bladder). This is due to constriction of the bladder outlet by an enlarging prostate; the prostate normally surrounds the urethra, through which urine passes. DLB and PDD are often associated with additional bladder problems. Recall that the autonomic nervous system regulates bladder function and that this system tends to malfunction in Lewy disorders. Hence, reduced bladder control is frequent among those with DLB, PDD, and Parkinson’s disease. This condition is termed neurogenic bladder, which implies that the autonomic nervous system control of bladder reflexes is not working properly. This may manifest as urgency with incontinence or hesitancy. Neurogenic bladder problems require different strategies than those used for treating the simple age-related problems that develop in mid-life and beyond. Moreover, there are certain caveats to treatment once a neurogenic bladder is recognized. The bladder is simply a reservoir that holds urine. It is located in the lower pelvis and is distant from the kidneys. The kidneys essentially filter the circulating blood and make the urine. The urine flows down from the kidneys into the bladder, as shown in Figure 14.1. Normally, as the bladder slowly fills with urine, a reflex is triggered when it is nearly full. This results in conscious awareness of the need to urinate, plus it primes the reflexive tendency of the bladder to contract in order to expel the urinary contents. The bladder is able to contract because of muscles in the bladder walls. Normally, nerves activate these muscles at the appropriate time, which forcefully squeeze the bladder, expelling the urine. Nerve sensors in the bladder wall are activated by bladder filling and transmit this information to the central nervous system, ramping up bladder wall muscle activity.

Coccidioidomycosis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1020-1023
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Anstead ◽  
John R. Graybill
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
System Diagnosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
In Pregnancy

Coccidioidomycosis results from inhalation of arthroconidia of Coccidioides spp., which are soil fungi endemic to the south-western United States of America and parts of Latin America. Most infections are asymptomatic, but primary infection may resemble community-acquired pneumonia, sometimes with hypersensitivity manifestations such as erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, and arthritis. Acute pulmonary infection usually resolves spontaneously, but—especially in immunocompromised patients, African Americans, and Filipinos—it may progress to persistent pulmonary disease or disseminate to skin, soft tissues, the osteoarticular system, and the central nervous system. Diagnosis is by culture, histopathology or serology. Fluconazole and itraconazole are usually the initial drugs of choice, with amphotericin B reserved for severe pulmonary and disseminated disease, and in pregnancy. In refractory cases, posaconazole and voriconazole are alternative antifungal agents....

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