scholarly journals Plant Breeders' Rights Licensing in Smallholder Farming: Observations From Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Peter Munyi ◽  
Bram De Jonge ◽  
Neils Louwaars
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Breeders Rights

Focusing on Kenya as an example of a market where food production is mostly for subsistence purposes, this article seeks to establish whether licensing of plant breeders’ rights is a mechanism that can facilitate access to seeds and planting material to smallholder farmers. Through a case study method and qualitative interviews of a wide range of stakeholders, it was found that licensing strategies that are employed in market conditions such as those prevailing in Kenya usually involve some form of market differentiation. This is in order to ensure that the targeted beneficiary is reached. It was also found that whatever licensing strategy is employed, each has some advantages and disadvantages. Further, not-for-profit technology brokers have emerged with a view to absorb some costs in the licensing process which are otherwise out of reach for smallholder farmers. Breeders also waive some of their rights with respect to protected varieties. The article concludes that the use of licensing as a tool to facilitate access to seeds and planting material for smallholder farmers in market conditions such as those prevailing in Kenya has received little attention and only involves very few commercial crops.  Where breeders choose to waive some of their rights, they should let farmers know so as to create legal certainty on utilization of accessed varieties. 

1. The nature of marketing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Kenneth Le Meunier-FitzHugh
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Service Marketing ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marketing Service ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Consumer Marketing ◽  
Business To Business

This chapter discusses the nature and origins of marketing. Marketing covers a wide range of essential business activities which ensure that customers can obtain the products and services that they want and need, when and how they want them. The most common applications of marketing are consumer marketing, business-to-business marketing, service marketing, not-for-profit marketing, and international marketing. Since the 1960s, marketing has used the four Ps of Price, Place, Product, and Promotion to deliver its marketing objectives and this has now been expanded to include another three Ps of People, Physical Evidence, and Process. The chapter also includes an assessment of what is customer value.

scholarly journals The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) and its Implications for a Research Agenda for Digital Preservation

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (84) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Information Infrastructure ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Integration Of Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technical Architecture ◽  
Organizational Needs

Legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in December 2000 allocates funding to the Library of Congress to lead the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP). The collaborative initiative is focused on materials created primarily in digital form for which there are no analogue representations and which users experience as digital products, sometimes known as "born digital". The investigators have consulted with numerous parties in public, private and not-for profit entities and have defined the "infrastructure" as having two major components: a preservation network of individuals and a technical architecture that provides coherence to localized efforts to archive digital works but is able to accommodate change as technologies advance and organizational needs evolve. This article describes the progress of the initiative and its implications for near and long term research. A striking feature of the research is the integration of technology and organization. The program emphasizes collaboration among a wide range of partners, looking toward solutions that can accommodate multiple and disparate requirements, and communication and outreach to many communities and the public.

Cost Stickiness in the New Zealand Charity Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950012
Author(s):  
Ahsan Habib ◽  
Hedy Jiaying Huang
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Stickiness

We investigate whether New Zealand charities exhibit cost stickiness, conceptualized as cost increases in response to an increase in income that are greater than the cost decreases associated with an equivalent decrease in income. Drawing on the holistic accountability rationale, we posit that charity managers consider themselves accountable to a wide range of stakeholders and, therefore, are more concerned about the social impact of their managerial decisions. As a result, charity managers will be reluctant to adjust resources downward immediately after an income drop, as such decisions could lead to the loss of trust and confidence of their internal and external stakeholders. Based on a large sample of charities in New Zealand, we find evidence of cost stickiness. Importantly, we find that cost stickiness varies across a number of characteristics of charities, including charity size, sources of income and expenditure, crisis periods, and the sectors within which the charities operate. Our study contributes to a hitherto unexplored setting and provides empirical evidence on the theoretical debate of hierarchical versus holistic accountability in the not-for-profit sector.

scholarly journals Achieving Carbon Neutral Airport Operations By 2025: The Case of Sydney Airport, Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Glenn Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Case Study Research ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Instrumental Case Study ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Carbon Neutral

AbstractUsing a qualitative instrumental case study research design, this study examines the strategies and carbon reduction measures implemented by Sydney Airport to achieve their goal of being a carbon neutral airport by 2025. The study period was from 2013 to 2019. The qualitative data was analyzed using document analysis. Sydney Airport has implemented a wide range of carbon reduction measures that underpin its strategy to become a carbon neutral airport. Sydney Airport’s annual emissions intensity per passenger declined in each year examined in study. Sydney Airport has participated in the Airports Council International Airport Carbon Accreditation Program since 2014 and currently holds Accreditation Level 3: Optimization. Sydney Airport’s goal is to be awarded Accreditation Level 3+: Carbon Neutrality by 2025. Sydney Airport has a carbon offsets agreement in place with a not-for-profit organization.

A History of the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
John Branch
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Branch Campus ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Not For Profit Organizations

The dissolution of the U.S.S.R. created a kind of higher education vacuum, especially in the disciplines of economics and business. The result was the development of a wide range of new educational initiatives by government, not-for-profit organizations, and foreign institutions. In 1994, the Stockholm School of Economics (SSE) opened a foreign branch campus in Riga, Latvia, the aim of which was to rehabilitate higher education in the Baltic countries, in the disciplines of economics and business. This chapter chronicles the history of the SSE in Riga. It begins with a brief introduction to the Stockholm School of Economics. It then traces the transnationalization of the SSE, with an emphasis on its foreign branch campus in Riga, Latvia.

The Development of Not-For-Profit Hospital Cost Models

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Greg M. Thibadoux ◽  
Nicholas Apostolou ◽  
Ira S. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit

10. Designing an online curriculum supporting risk management and patient safety

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
T. Gondocz ◽  
G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Online Curriculum ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Managing Risk

The Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA) is a not for profit mutual defence organization with a mandate to provide medico-legal assistance to physician members and to educate health professionals on managing risk and enhancing patient safety. To expand the outreach to its 72,000 member physicians, the CMPA built an online learning curriculum of risk management and patient safety materials in 2006. These activities are mapped to the real needs of members ensuring the activities are relevant. Eight major categories were developed containing both online courses and articles. Each course and article is mapped to the RCPSC's CanMEDS roles and the CFPC's Four Principles. This poster shares the CMPA’s experience in designing an online patient safety curriculum within the context of medico-legal risk management and provides an inventory of materials linked to the CanMEDS roles. Our formula for creation of an online curriculum included basing the educational content on real needs of member physicians; using case studies to teach concepts; and, monitoring and evaluating process and outcomes. The objectives are to explain the benefits of curricular approach for course planning across the continuum in medical education; outline the utility of the CanMEDS roles in organizing the risk management and patient safety medical education curriculum; describe the progress of CMPA's online learning system; and, outline the potential for moving the curriculum of online learning materials and resources into medical schools.

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