scholarly journals Behavior of Sunflower Irrigated With Salt Water and Nitrogen Fertigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Daivyd Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Edvania Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Thiago Jardelino Dias ◽  
Hemmannuella Costa Santos ◽  
Álvaro Carlos Gonçalves Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Decorative Material

The sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) crop has been gaining prominence in wastewater research due to its relevance to the production of edible oil, biodiesel and ornamental and decorative material. In the field of floriculture, the crop has been emerging as an alternative offer of a short-cycle product, with contrasting colors and easy identification by the consumer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the different electrical conductivities of water associated with nitrogen fertigation rates on the vegetative, physiological and productive behavior of ornamental sunflower. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 6x4, referring to six levels of electrical conductivity of water (ECa of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) and four nitrogen fertigation rates, with one control and the other three applications performed every 10, 20 and 30 days after emergence (DAE), with five replications, totaling 120 experimental units. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, root length, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, fresh and dry phytomass of shoots, roots and total phytomass, seed mass and capitulum mass. The salinity negatively affected the physiological variables, growth and productivity evaluated, decreasing with increasing electrical conductivity of irrigation water (dS m-1). Nitrogen fertigation at 10 days after emergence resulted in an increase in the stem diameter of sunflower plants.

scholarly journals Physiology in Talisia esculenta seedlings under irrigation with saline water on substrate with hydrogel

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 751-774
Author(s):  
Francisco Thiago Coelho Bezerra ◽  
◽  
Marlene Alexandrina Ferreira Bezerra ◽  
Raiff Ramos Almeida Nascimento ◽  
Walter Esfrain Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Net Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Electrical Conductivities

Salinity interferes in the physiology of seedlings from germination and seedling emergence, so it is necessary to adopt measures to mitigate its effects. The objectives of this research were to evaluate irrigation frequency, saline water, polymer, and container volume in the emergence and physiology of Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hil.) Radlk. The treatments were obtained from the combination of polymer doses (0.0; 0.2; 0.6; 1.0; and 1.2 g dm-3), electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.3; 1, 1; 2.7; 4.3; and 5.0 dS m-1), and irrigation frequencies (daily and alternate), plus two additional treatments to assess the volume of the container. A randomized block design was used. Emergence and leaf indices of chlorophyll, fluorescence, and gas exchange were analyzed 100 days after sowing. The increase in electrical conductivity reduced and delayed seedling emergence. Decreasing irrigation frequency reduced the chlorophyll b index, stomatal conductance, transpiration, net CO2 assimilation, and carboxylation efficiency. The magnitude of the effects of electrical conductivity of water and polymer were associated with the frequency of irrigation. However, both salinity and polymer reduced practically all physiological variables. The reduction in container volume also affected the physiology of the seedlings, with more effects when irrigated on alternate days. The T. esculenta seedlings are considered sensitive to salinity, should be irrigated daily with water with less electrical conductivity than 1.0 dS m-1, as well as higher capacity containers used (0.75 vs 1.30 dm3).

scholarly journals Water salinity and air temperature on quail production and organ characteristics

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Dermeval A. Furtado ◽  
Ladyanne R. Rodrigues ◽  
Valéria P. Rodrigues ◽  
Neila L. Ribeiro ◽  
Rafael C. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
Electrical Conductivities

ABSTRACT The supply of salt water in the semiarid region is a recurrent practice, as there is a severe shortage of water for use in animal consumption. Thus, most of the times the water offered to the birds can contain salts above the recommended amount. The present study aimed to evaluate the production performance and morphometry of the organs of Japanese quails as they were supplied with drinking water with different concentrations of sodium chloride, while being maintained in comfort and under thermal stress. The birds received water with increasing electrical conductivity (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and were kept in a climate chamber at thermoneutral air temperature (24 °C) and under thermal stress (32 °C), being distributed in a completely randomized design and 2 × 4 factorial scheme. Water electrical conductivities did not affect the performance of the birds, except for the weight of the gizzard, which showed an increasing linear effect as the electrical conductivities increased. At the stress temperature, there was reduction in feed intake, egg weight and mass, and in feed conversion per dozen eggs, but with no effect on the weights of the heart, liver and gizzard. Japanese quails in the production phase can consume water with electrical conductivity of up to 6.0 dS m-1, showing good production performance and without compromising organ morphometry.

Electrical conductivity studies on silica phases and the effects of phase transformation

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1800-1805
Author(s):  
George M. Amulele ◽  
Anthony W. Lanati ◽  
Simon M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Activation Volume ◽  
Activation Enthalpy ◽  
Hydrogen Charge ◽  
Charge Compensation ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Silica Phases

Abstract Starting with the same sample, the electrical conductivities of quartz and coesite have been measured at pressures of 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, over a temperature range of 373–1273 K in a multi-anvil high-pressure system. Results indicate that the electrical conductivity in quartz increases with pressure as well as when the phase change from quartz to coesite occurs, while the activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure. Activation enthalpies of 0.89, 0.56, and 0.46 eV, were determined at 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, giving an activation volume of –0.052 ± 0.006 cm3/mol. FTIR and composition analysis indicate that the electrical conductivities in silica polymorphs is controlled by substitution of silicon by aluminum with hydrogen charge compensation. Comparing with electrical conductivity measurements in stishovite, reported by Yoshino et al. (2014), our results fall within the aluminum and water content extremes measured in stishovite at 12 GPa. The resulting electrical conductivity model is mapped over the magnetotelluric profile obtained through the tectonically stable Northern Australian Craton. Given their relative abundances, these results imply potentially high electrical conductivities in the crust and mantle from contributions of silica polymorphs. The main results of this paper are as follows:The electrical conductivity of silica polymorphs is determined by impedance spectroscopy up to 8.7 GPa.The activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure indicating a negative activation volume across the silica polymorphs.The electrical conductivity results are consistent with measurements observed in stishovite at 12 GPa.

Measuring transient solute transport through the vadoze zone using time domain reflectometry

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vogeler ◽  
S. Green ◽  
A. Nadler ◽  
C. Duwig
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Destructive Measurement

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to monitor the transport of conservative tracers in the field under transient water flow in a controlled experiment under a kiwifruit vine. A mixed pulse of chloride and bromide was applied to the soil surface of a 16 m2 plot that had been isolated from the surrounding orchard soil. The movement of this solute pulse was monitored by TDR. A total of 63 TDR probes were installed into the plot for daily measurements of both the volumetric water content (θ) and the bulk soil electrical conductivity (σa). These TDR-measured σa were converted into pore water electrical conductivities (σw) and solute concentrations using various θ–σa–σw relationships that were established in the laboratory on repacked soil. The depth-wise field TDR measurements were compared with destructive measurement of the solute concentrations at the end of the experiment. These results were also compared with predictions using a deterministic model of water and solute transport based on Richards’ equation, and the convection–dispersion equation. TDR was found to give a good indication of the shape of the solute profile with depth, but the concentration of solute was under- or over-estimated by up to 50%, depending on the θ–σa–σw relationships used. Thus TDR can be used to monitor in situ transport of contaminants. However, only rough estimates of the electrical conductivity of the soil solution can so far be obtained by TDR.

Foliage applied zinc improves growth, yield and oil contents of sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annus L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Shabir Hussain ◽  
Hakoomat Ali ◽  
Muhammad Ehmer ◽  
Waqas Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Head Diameter ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Zinc Levels

The research was conducted at Research Area of Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, during the spring season, 2016. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of foliage applied zinc on growth, yield and oil contents of hybrid sunflower. Experimental treatments comprise of two sunflower hybrids viz. H1= Hysun-33 and H2= S-278 and three zinc levels viz. T1= Control (no application), T2=1% ZnSO4 and T3 = 2% ZnSO4. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement and repeated thrice. Data regarding growth, yield and oil contents were collected by using standard procedures. Results revealed that sunflower hybrid Hysun-33 gained maximum plant height (210.67cm), stem diameter (2.427), head diameter (15.533) achene number (852), achene yield (189.19 t ha-1), leaf area (789.56cm2) and oil contents (40.423%) followed by sunflower hybrid S-278. Zinc application significantly improved the yield and oil contents. In this regard, maximum plant height (194.67 cm), stem diameter (2.718cm), head diameter (14.633 cm), achene number (842.17), achene yield (194.56 t ha-1), leaf area (782.5cm2) and oil contents (40.12%) from 2% foliar application of zinc followed by 1% foliar application of zinc. Whereas, minimum plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, achene number, achene yield, leaf area and oil contents were recorded from control where no zinc was applied. Interaction of sunflower hybrids with zinc was also significant. In this contest, maximum plant height (231.67cm), stem diameter (2.917cm), head diameter (15.7cm), achene number (925.0), achene yield (205.89 t ha-1), leaf area (801.33cm2) and oil contents (41.65%) were recorded from sunflower hybrid Hysun-33 with 2% application of zinc followed by sunflower hybrid S-278 with 1% zinc foliar application. In Conclusion, sunflower hybrid along with the 2% foliar application of zinc is the most suitable combination to achieve higher yield and oil contents.

The Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Conductivity of the Molten Halides of Mercury and the Molten Iodides of Cadmium, Gallium and Indium

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Cleaver ◽  
Pietro Zani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Effect Of Pressure ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Ionic Mobilities ◽  
Conductivity Isotherm

Abstract The electrical conductivities of molten HgCl2, HgBr2, Hgl2, Cdl2, Gal3 and InI3 were measured to pressures of 1 GPa (10 kbar), using a heated pressure vessel pressurised with argon. Additionally, the conductivities of CdI2 and HgCl2 were measured from 2 to 6 GPa, using a tetrahedral anvil apparatus. In every case the conductivity rose with pressure initially, and this is thought to be due to an increase in the degree of self-ionisation of the liquid. For CdI2 and Hgl2 a maximum was observed in the conductivity isotherm below 1 GPa, and for HgCl2 the conductivity fell with pressure from 2 to 6 GPa, implying that a maximum exists between 1 and 2 GPa. At the maximum the degree of ionisation approaches unity, and there is a balance between the competing effects of pressure in increasing the degree of ionisation and in reducing the ionic mobilities.

Electrodeposited Iron(III) Oxide (α-Fe2O3) Thermoelectric Thin Films

2016 ◽  
Vol 701 ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Zuhri Shaiful Azni ◽  
Ho Kee Tan ◽  
Pei Ling Low ◽  
Nisha Kumari Devaraj ◽  
Boon Hoong Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Deposition Potential ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Potentiostatic Electrodeposition ◽  
Layered Growth ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
Thermoelectric Thin Films ◽  
Deposited Films

α-Fe2O3 thermoelectric thin films were electrodeposited onto copper substrates using chloride-based electrolytes by means of potentiostatic electrodeposition. The influence of several electrodeposition parameters on the surface morphology, elemental composition and electrical conductivity of the deposited films was studied and analyzed. The deposits formed porous, wire-like morphology, with the smallest width measured to be ~60 nm. The wires tend to aggregate to form clusters, in addition to multi-layered growth of the wires. Between the parameters studied, electrolyte concentration and deposition time parameters have higher influences on the electrical conductivity of the deposited films, with the increment up to two fold higher. Deposition potential parameter offered the lowest capability to improve on the electrical conductivity in addition to the non-uniform distribution of the measured electrical conductivities. The tunable electrical conductivity is favorable for improving the performance of α-Fe2O3 films for thermoelectric applications.

Analysis of Clustering and Interphase Region Effects on the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Nanocomposites via Computational Micromechanics

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Seidel ◽  
Kelli L. Boehringer ◽  
Dimitris C. Lagoudas
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Interphase Layer ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Interphase Region ◽  
Effective Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Computational Micromechanics

In the present work, computational micromechanics techniques are applied towards predicting the effective electrical conductivities of polymer nanocomposites containing aligned bundles of SWCNTs at wide range of volume fractions. Periodic arrangements of well-dispersed and clustered/bundled SWCNTs are studied using the commercially available finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 3.4. The volume averaged electric field and electric flux obtained are used to calculate the effective electrical conductivity of nanocomposites in both cases, therefore indicating the influence of clustering on the effective electrical conductivity. In addition, the influence of the presence of an interphase region on the effective electrical conductivity is considered in a parametric study in terms of both interphase thickness and conductivity for both the well dispersed case and for the clustered arrangements. Comparing the well-dispersed case with an interphase layer to the same arrangement without the interphase layer allows for the assessment of the influence of the interphase layer on the effective electrical conductivities, while similar comparisons for the clustered arrangements yield information about the combined effects of clustering and interphase regions. Initial results indicate that there is very little influence of the interphase layer on the effective conductivity prior to what is identified as the interphase percolation concentration, and that there is an appreciable combined effect of clustering in the presence of interphase regions which leads to increases in conductivity larger than the sum of the two effects independently.

Stable, highly concentrated suspensions for electronic and ceramic materials applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Sushumna ◽  
R.K. Gupta ◽  
E. Ruckenstein
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Rheological Characteristics ◽  
Concentrated Suspensions ◽  
Thermal Paste ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Liquid Suspensions ◽  
Very High ◽  
Highly Loaded

Highly concentrated solid-in-liquid suspensions find applications in a number of areas such as electronics, ceramics, paints, coatings, etc. Highly loaded, stable suspensions which exhibit desirable rheological characteristics (moderate viscosity, shear thinning behavior, thixotropy, and a small yield stress, for example), and which have high thermal or electrical conductivities are frequently sought after. We describe here some techniques which can be used to obtain such highly concentrated suspensions. These involve employing mixed size grades of particles and effective dispersants. For thermal paste applications, for example, compliant pastes of up to 78 vol. % solids with thermal conductivity values as high as 6 W/mK (hence, a few times greater than the values reported previously by others), low electrical conductivity, and moderate viscosity have been prepared by mixing different particle size grades of materials such as Al2O3, SiC, AlN, Al, and diamond. Effective dispersants, both commercial as well as those synthesized in our laboratory as novel variations of previously known molecular architectures, have been used to facilitate the achievement of these very high loading and stable suspensions.

Numerical Analysis to Lead Free Solder/Intermetallic Interconnect With Application of Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz Relation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Yao ◽  
Jared Fry ◽  
Morris Fine ◽  
Leon Keer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Interfacial Crack ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Free Solder

Due to the limitation of available experimental data for thermal conductivity of lead free solder and Intermetallic Compound (IMC) materials, the Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz (WFL) relation is presented in this paper as a possible solution to predict thermal conductivity with known electrical conductivity. The method is based upon the fact that heat and electrical transport both involve the free electrons. The thermal and electrical conductivities of Cu, Ni, Sn, and different Sn rich lead free solder and IMC materials are studied by employing the WFL relation. Generally, the analysis to the experimental data shows that the WFL relation is obeyed in both solder alloy and IMC materials especially matches close to the relation for Sn, with a positive deviation from the theoretical Lorenz number. Thus, with the available electrical conductivity data, the thermal conductivity of solder and IMC materials can be obtained based on the proper WFL relation, vice versa. With the reduction of size of electronic devices and solder interconnects, it has been observed experimentally that solders fail by crack nucleation and propagation near the interface of IMC and bulk solder. A coupled thermal-electrical finite element analysis is performed to study the behavior of lead free solder/IMC interconnects under different electrical current densities. The joule heating, temperature concentration and electrical current concentration effects with a crack propagating near the interface of solder and IMC are investigated numerically. Solder and IMC material properties predicted using the WFL relation are adopted in the computational model. The effects of different thermal and electrical conductivities of solder and IMC materials on interfacial crack tip temperature are analyzed in the present study. By applying the WFL relation, the amount of experiments required to determine the material properties for different lead free solder/IMC interconnects can be significantly reduced, which can lead to pronounced saving of time and cost.

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