scholarly journals Maternal Nutrition in Early Pregnancy Effects Placental Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
JJ Babu Geddam ◽  
Radhakrishna KV ◽  
Ramalaxmi BA ◽  
Balakrishna N ◽  
Qadri SSYH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Placental Development

scholarly journals Placental development during early pregnancy in sheep: Effects of embryo origin on fetal and placental growth and global methylation

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna T. Grazul-Bilska ◽  
Mary Lynn Johnson ◽  
Pawel P. Borowicz ◽  
Loren Baranko ◽  
Dale A. Redmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
Embryo Origin

scholarly journals Placental development during early pregnancy in sheep: vascular growth and expression of angiogenic factors in maternal placenta

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna T Grazul-Bilska ◽  
Pawel P Borowicz ◽  
Mary Lynn Johnson ◽  
Megan A Minten ◽  
Jerzy J Bilski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Angiogenic Factors ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Placental Angiogenesis ◽  
Tissue Area

Placental vascular development (angiogenesis) is critical for placental function and thus for normal embryonic/fetal growth and development. Specific environmental factors or use of assisted reproductive techniques may result in poor placental angiogenesis, which may contribute to embryonic losses and/or fetal growth retardation. Uterine tissues were collected on days 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 after mating and on day 10 after estrus (nonpregnant controls) to determine vascular development and expression of several factors involved in the regulation of angiogenesis in the endometrium. Compared with controls, several measurements of endometrial vascularity increased (P<0.001) including vascular labeling index (LI; proportion of proliferating cells), the tissue area occupied by capillaries, area per capillary (capillary size), total capillary circumference per unit of tissue area, and expression of factor VIII (marker of endothelial cells), but capillary number decreased (P<0.001). Compared with controls, mRNA for placental growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, angiopoietins (ANGPT) 1 and 2, ANGPT receptorTEK, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α increased (P<0.05) during early pregnancy. Vascular LI was positively correlated (P<0.05) with several measurements of vascularity and with mRNA expression of angiogenic factors. These data indicate that endometrial angiogenesis, manifested by increased vascularity and increased expression of several factors involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, is initiated very early in pregnancy. This more complete description of early placental angiogenesis may provide the foundation for determining whether placental vascular development is altered in compromised pregnancies.

Role for endocannabinoids in early pregnancy: recent advances and the effects of cannabis use

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (3) ◽  
pp. E557-E561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Ezechukwu ◽  
Cornelius A. Diya ◽  
Nirajan Shrestha ◽  
Deanne H. Hryciw
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Excessive Intake

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is associated with several physiological processes, including reproduction. This system consists of the cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoid ligands, and enzymes that metabolize and degrade these fatty acids. Recent evidence shows that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in cells of the reproductive system, including endometrial stromal cells, ovaries, and sperm cells. Emerging and recent research suggests that the ECS may play a significant role in reproduction. The endocannabinoid ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are crucial for successful endometrium decidualization, placental development, and embryo implantation. Alteration in cannabinoid receptor expression or in endocannabinoid homeostasis by excessive intake of cannabis during pregnancy is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. The use of medicinal cannabis is becoming more widespread in Western countries, especially in people of reproductive age. Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids, which modulate the ECS, and emerging evidence suggests that phytocannabinoids, through their action on cannabinoid receptors, may have a negative impact on fertility, pregnancy outcome, and fetal health. In this mini-review, we highlight the recent advances in the field, which explore the role of endocannabinoids in early pregnancy and the effects of excessive intake of phytocannabinoids in pregnancy outcomes.

scholarly journals Statins are detrimental to human placental development and function; use of statins during early pregnancy is inadvisable

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (6a) ◽  
pp. 2295-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Forbes ◽  
Lucy M. Hurst ◽  
J. Martin Gibson ◽  
John D. Aplin ◽  
Melissa Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
And Function

Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes:7. Variability in the growth of individual foetuses in relation to intra-uterine factors

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. McDonald ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Placental Structure

SUMMARYThe weights of 44 twin foetuses, 99 triplets and 44 quadruplets, varying in gestational age from 55 to 145 days, were studied in relation to age, sex, litter size, uterine position, placental structure and weight, and ovulation rate. Triplet and quadruplet foetuses were more variable in weight, within litters, than were twins. The difference increased with foetal age and was attributed to increased competition between foetuses which were located within the same horn of the uterus. The effect was largely associated with differences in placental development, i.e. numbers of cotyledons and weight, but those differences did not entirely account for the reduction in foetal weight with increasing litter size. Differences in placental development, arising from embryo mortality, also accounted for the reduction in foetal weight when ovulation rate exceeded litter size. In contrast, differences in foetal weight associated with the sex of the foetuses were only partly mediated by differences in cotyledon weight. Foetuses in the larger litters are thus not only lighter in weight but are more variable in weight, the increased variability being controlled by events in early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Associations between preconception macronutrient intake and birth weight across strata of maternal BMI

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243200
Author(s):  
Nastaran Salavati ◽  
Marian K. Bakker ◽  
Fraser Lewis ◽  
Petra C. Vinke ◽  
Farya Mubarik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Maternal Bmi

Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked with birth outcomes including fetal growth, birth weight, congenital anomalies and long-term health through intra-uterine programming. However, a woman’s nutritional status before pregnancy is a strong determinant in early embryo-placental development, and subsequently outcomes for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake in the preconception period with birth weight. Methods We studied a group of 1698 women from the Dutch Perined-Lifelines linked birth cohort with reliable detailed information on preconception dietary macronutrient intake (using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and data available on birth weight of the offspring. Birth weight was converted into gestational age adjusted z-scores, and macronutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the nutrient residual method. Preconception BMI was converted into cohort-based quintiles. Multivariable linear regression was performed, adjusted for other macronutrients and covariates. Results Mean maternal age was 29.5 years (SD 3.9), preconception BMI: 24.7 kg/m2 (SD 4.2) and median daily energy intake was 1812 kcal (IQR 1544–2140). Mean birth weight was 3578 grams (SD 472). When adjusted for covariates, a significant association (adjusted z score [95% CI], P) between polysaccharides and birth weight was shown (0.08 [0.01–0.15], 0.03). When linear regression analyses were performed within cohort-based quintiles of maternal BMI, positive significant associations between total protein, animal protein, fat, total carbohydrates, mono-disaccharides and polysaccharides with birth weight were shown in the lowest quintile of BMI independent of energy intake, intake of other macronutrients and covariates. Conclusion Out of all macronutrients studied, polysaccharides showed the strongest association with birth weight, independent of energy intake and other covariates. Our study might suggest that specifically in women with low preconception BMI a larger amount of macronutrient intake was associated with increased birth weight. We recommend that any dietary assessment and advise during preconception should be customized to preconception weight status of the women.

scholarly journals miR-146a-5p Regulated Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiyu Qiu ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Binhu Wang ◽  
Hongbin Gong ◽  
Tao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Bewo Cell ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Background: microRNAs (miRNAs) are a small, endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation of many biological processes, including embryo implantation and placental development. In our previous study, miR-146a-5p was found expressed higher in the serum exosomes of pregnant sows than non-pregnant. The research on miR-146a-5p has been mainly related to human diseases, but there are few studies on its effects on the reproduction of sows in early pregnancy. Objective: In this article, our motivation is to study the role of miR-146a-5p in the early pregnancy of sows on the cell proliferetion and apoptosis by targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4. Methods: Bioinformatics software was used to identify the target genes of miR-146a-5p. The wildtype and mutant-type recombinant plasmids of dual-luciferase reporter with 3'-UTR of Smad3 or 3'- UTR of Smad4 were constructed, and co-transfected in porcine kidney cell (PK-15 cell) with miR- 146a-5p mimic, mimic-NC(M-NC), inhibitor and inhibitor-NC(IN-NC), then dual-luciferase activity analysis, qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to verify the target genes. After the transfection of BeWo choriocarcinoma cell (BeWo cell) with miR-146a-5p mimic, M-NC, inhibitor and IN-NC, the mRNA expression of Caspase-3, BAX and Bcl-2 was measured using qRT-PCR, and the cell proliferation was measured using CCK-8 kit. Results: The luciferase, mRNA and protein expression of Smad3 in PK-15 cells treated by Smad3- 3'-UTR-W co-transfected with miR-146a-5p mimic were significantly lower than that with miR- 146a-5p M-NC, and the results of Smad4 were similar to Smad3, but the protein expression had a trend to lower in mimic group. The expression level of Bcl-2 in the miR-146a-5p mimic group was significantly lower than that in the miR-146a-5p M-NC group, but the expression pattern of Caspase-3 was just opposite. The mimic of miR-146a-5p reduced the proliferation of BeWo cells, however the inhibitor increased. Conclusion: Smad3 and Smad4 are the direct target genes of miR-146a-5p. The expression of Smad3 and Smad4 were affected by the mimic and inhibitor of miR-146a-5p. miR-146a-5p affects cell apoptosis and proliferation by regulating their target genes. This study provided new data to understand the regulation mechanism of early pregnancy in sows.

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