scholarly journals ENDOZOOCHORY - THE SOURCE OF WEDDING OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Valentin Ciontu ◽  
Daniel Jalobă ◽  
Mihaela Șerban ◽  
Victor Petcu ◽  
Marga Grădilă
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Pass Through

"One of the most important sources of weed infestation in agricultural crops is related to manure applied as biological fertilizer, when livestock growers don`t process it and don`t store it in order to be weeds - free. In manure there are lot of weed seeds from animal fodder, livestock bedding and also from animal excrements. On the pasture, when grazing fresh food, animals eat also the inflorescences with weed seeds. Ones of these seeds could pass through the digestive tract of animals while keeping their ability to germinate. The aim of this study was to record the weed species that can cross over the digestive tract without losing their germination, to note which weed species are more adapted to do this, which animal species are able to perform the endozoochory process and under what environmental conditions. Trials were conducted under laboratory conditions. The content of excrements taken from four animals species (cattle, goats, sheep, horses), from four distinct South – East areas in period 2019-2020, were mixed with sterilized soil and put to germinate under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Following the assessments, weed seeds were found to be able to cross over the digestive tract of animals maintaining their germination. The highest frequency was in cattle and the lowest was in horses. There was at Pasărea where the largest number of weeds was found and animals grazed on untillaged land (hences, fallow lands). The dominant weed species were Setaria sp., Chenopodium sp., Amaranthus retroflexus and Polygonum aviculare."

scholarly journals Weed Infestation and Health of the Soybean Crop Depending on Cropping System and Tillage System

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Gawęda ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz ◽  
Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk ◽  
Justyna Łukasz
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Weed Infestation

This study evaluated weed infestation and health of the soybean crop grown in crop rotation (CR) and monoculture (CM) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) conditions. The research proved that growing soybean in monoculture and under no-tillage conditions increases weed infestation and infection of soybean with fungal diseases. In these treatments, increased numbers of most of the dominant species were also found. A significantly higher percentage of monocotyledonous species and a much lower percentage of dicotyledonous ones in total weed dry weight were shown in the CR treatment relative to CM and in the NT system compared to CT. The biodiversity of the weed community was similar in monoculture and crop rotation, and slightly greater in the NT system in comparison with CT conditions. In both tillage systems, Amaranthus retroflexus was the weed species that most infested the soybean crop. In soybean grown after itself, Amaranthus retroflexus was the weed that occurred in the greatest numbers, while, in crop rotation, this was Echinochloa crus-galli. In all years of the study, soybean was infected with Septoria glycines to the highest degree, which was followed by Cercospora sojina, whereas infection with Ascochyta sp. was the lowest. Weather conditions in individual years of the study were proven to affect weed infestation and infection of soybean with fungal diseases. The study results prove that cropping systems and tillage systems significantly affect weed infestation and health of the soybean crop.

scholarly journals Weed Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with Soil-applied Herbicides Affected by a Prolonged and Limited rainfall

Poljoprivreda ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Zvonko Pacanoski ◽  
◽  
Arben Mehmeti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Solanum Nigrum L

The field trials were carried out in the Bitola and Titov Veles regions during two sunflower growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to estimate a weed control in sunflower with the soil‒applied herbicides, influenced by a prolonged and limited rainfall. Polygonum aviculare L., Solanum nigrum L., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. were the most dominant weeds in both regions. The efficacy of PRE-em herbicides varied among the weed species, treatments, periods of efficacy estimation, regions, and years. The overall performances of the PRE-em herbicides were correlated with weather and soil conditions. The inconsistent weather patterns between the two years of the study likely influenced the weed control. All weeds in 2018 in the Bitola region were poorly controlled (<77% and <62%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively) due to a higher amount of rainfall (57 mm) during the 10 days of the 1st decade after herbicide application. The herbicide efficacy has only produced a marginal control of weeds in 2019 in the Titov Veles region as well (<68% and <59%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively), due to the drought conditions observed in this region in early spring and in mid-spring. A PREem application followed by a heavy rainfall resulted in a sunflower injury in the Bitola region in 2018, ranging from 9 to 28% across the PRE-em treatments seven days after emergence. The injuries by oxyfluorfen and dimethenamid-P were more serious (24 and 28%, respectively). The sunflower achene yields for each treatment in both regions generally reflected an overall weed control and crop injury.

scholarly journals The effect of intercropping on weed infestation of a spring barley crop cultivated in monoculture

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Kwiecińska-Poppe ◽  
Piotr Kraska ◽  
Edward Pałys
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Barley Crop

This paper presents the results of a study carried out in the years 2005-2007 in the Bezek Experimental Farm near the city of Chełm, Poland, on heavy mixed rendzina soil. The effect of intercropping, using red clover (cv. Dajana) and white clover (cv. Astra), on weed infestation of a spring barley crop was studied. The species composition of weeds in the spring barley crop changed to a small extent under the influence of the application of clover intercropping, whereas the population size of particular species showed large fluctuations. In the spring barley crop with the red clover intercrop, <i>Sonchus arvensis</i> occurred in greatest numbers among dicotyledonous weed species. In the barley crop with white clover and without intercrop, <i>Viola arvensis</i> and <i>Sonchus arvensis</i> were the dominant dicotyledonous species. <i>Setaria pumila</i> was the dominant monocotyledonous species in all the treatments. Intercropping using red and white clover clearly limited the growth and development of weeds. The red clover intercrop in the spring barley crop better reduced the infestation with dicotyledonous weeds and also significantly reduced the number of monocotyledonous weeds and the total number of weeds, whereas the white clover intercrop limited only the number of monocotyledonous weeds. The application of the herbicide Chwastox Extra 300 SL significantly reduced the fresh weight of weeds found in the spring barley crop. The presence of the intercrop resulted in different total numbers of weeds in particular treatments. Intercropping distinctly limited the occurrence of the following weed species: <i>Sonchus arvensis</i>, <i>Fallopia convolvulus</i>, <i>Melandrium album</i>, <i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i>, <i>Veronica arvensis</i> and <i>Medicago lupulina</i>. The investigated intercrop species also reduced the biomass of weeds. The application of the herbicide did not differentiate the number of monocotyledonous weeds, which resulted from the application of Chwastox Extra 300 SL that controls only dicotyledonous species.

scholarly journals Interrelations between segetal and ruderal flora in the Olsztyn Lake District

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Korniak ◽  
Grażyna Kalwasińska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Sonchus Oleraceus ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis

The paper presents differences and similarities between segetal and ruderal flora in the Olsztyn Lake District. The investigation was conducted in rural areas and in areas of small towns. 415 taxa of vascular plants were noted altogether in the flora examined. The segetal flora includes 259 species, and the ruderal flora - 334 ones. A comparison between species of those two florae (table l, figure l), 81 species appear in segetal habitats, and 156 in ruderal habitats. Common species, for those two comparsing florae (segetal and ruderal) were 178. The following plants were classified as frequent or common in ruderal habitats of the Olsztyn Lake District, having (under certain conditions) a significant influence on the weed infestation of cultivated fields: <i>Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia vulgaris, Atriplex patula, Chamomilla suaveolens, Cirsium arvense, Conyza canadensis, Descurainia sophia, Galinsoga ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Geranium pusillum, Lapsana communis, Melandrium album, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Rumex crispus, Sisymbrium officinale, Sonchus arvensis, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Tussil farfara</i>.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Population Changing Pattern of Pennisetum polystachion in Coconut Plantations of Sri Lanka

CORD ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
S.H.S. Senarathne
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Weed Infestation

Pennisetum polystachion is a major problematic monocotyledonous weed species and a perennial problem in intermediate zone of coconut plantations in Sri Lanka. This study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of different management systems on P. polystachion seedling emergence patterns.The tested treatments were application of glyphosate (T1), cover cropping with Pueraria phaseoloides (T2), tractor harrowing (T3), tractor slashing (T4) and tractor ploughing (T5). All the treatments were applied twice a year except T2. As T2 cover crop at the initiation of the experiment and over grown conditions were managed by harrowing once a year. Based on the reduction in weed biomass, cover cropping (T2) was the best to reduce the P. polystachion population and to reduce P. polystachion seedling emergence density in the field. Chemical weeding was the second-best method to control the P. polystachion population in the field. The effectiveness of slashing in reducing weed seedling emergence density was lower than cover cropping and chemical weeding methods. The weed seedling emergence densities were almost similar in ploughed and harrowed plots. The seed depth of emerged seedling was very high in harrowed and ploughed treatments when compared to other treatments. Results given by T3 and T5 indicates that loosening the soil creates more favorable environment for the germination of weed seeds buried in soil. Therefore, it can be argued that the elimination of weed seeds in the top 2cm or 4cm in the soil seed bank by any means is likely to reduce the level of weed infestation by about 60% to 95%. Results also indicated that burying rhizomes in ploughing and harrowing treatment plots at the depths below 30 - 40 cm is effective in controlling germination of this weed species. This experiment also suggested that keeping rhizomes on the soil surface without burying for durations of 5 – 15 days would produce weak plants with poor development.

scholarly journals Weed Species Composition of Agrophytocenoses in Altai Krai

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Terekhina ◽  
Alyona V. Nochevnaya ◽  
Natalia V. Ovcharova ◽  
Irina A. Lapshina
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Brassicaceae Family

The article reviews the weed species composition of oat, sunflower, wheat, buckwheat, rapeseed and flax agrophytocenoses on 390 fields in 21 districts of Altai Krai: Aleyskiy, Bistroistokskiy, Baevskiy, Burlinskiy, Kamenskiy, Kosikhinskiy, Krutikhinskiy, Kytmanovskiy, Loktevskiy, Mamontovskiy, Novichikhinskiy, Pankrushikhinskiy, Rebrikhinskiy, Rubtsovskiy, Shipunovskiy, Sovetskiy, Tretyakovskiy, Troitskiy, Tyumentsevskiy, Zarinskiy, and Zonalniy. The studied fields were surveyed by the route method, which involved the study of the plot by examining it along two diagonals and four sides, when the area did not exceed 20.0 hectares. Larger fields were divided into plots of 20.0 hectares before the survey. The areas adjacent to roads were examined most carefully, since it is often from the road that the field becomes infested. We used the ArcGis program to compile original maps for the main weed plant species. It was found that out of 45 species encountered, only 10 play a significant role in weed infestation and have a high frequency rate: aboriginal Convolvulus arvensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Euphorbia virgata, Lathyrus tuberosus, Chenopodium album, as well as such adventive species as Fallopia convolvulus, Setaria pumila, Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale, Avena fatua and Echinochloa crusgalli. The largest number of species accounts for the Poaceae family (33.3%). The Brassicaceae family is characterized by a slightly lower percentage of participation in the adventitious flora (27.7%). Other families are not so well represented (by 1-2 species each).

scholarly journals Present and potential weed infestation of spring cereals in different cropping system

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wesołowski ◽  
Andrzej Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Weed Infestation

This paper presents the results of investigations on the weed infestation and vertical distribution of weed seed bank in rendzina under spring cereals cultivation in crop rotations and monoculture. Used herbicides (MCPA and <i>fenoxaprop-P-etylu</i>) decreased the number of weeds and species composition in comparison with harrowing. In the soil layer of 0-25 cm used in the monoculture there was found about 22,9% weed seeds more than in crop rotation. In the canopy of spring cereals the following weeds dominated: in crop rotation - <i>Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli and Veronica persica; and in monoculture - Stellaria media, Galium aparine</i> and <i>Chenopodium album</i>. In the soil layer of 0-25 cm used in crop rotation and monoculture the following weed seeds dominated : <i>Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Stellaria media</i>.

Predation on weed seeds and seedlings by Pheretima guillelmi and its potential for weed biocontrol

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-645
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Jiequn Fan ◽  
Zhenguan Qian ◽  
Guohui Yuan ◽  
Dandan Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biocontrol ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Leptochloa Fusca ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractThe soil weed seedbank is the source of future weed infestations. Seed predation can result in a large number of seed losses, thus contributing to weed biocontrol. Earthworms are important predators of seeds and seedlings and affect seeds and seedling survival after gut passage. A study was conducted to assess the ability of Pheretima guillelmi (Kinberg) to ingest and digest the seeds and seedlings of 15 main farmland weed species. Pheretima guillelmi ingested the seeds and seedlings of each weed species tested. The percentages of seeds and seedlings ingested were 96.7% to 100% and 21.7% to 94.2%, respectively. Pheretima guillelmi showed greater ingestion of seeds than seedlings for each species and digested the seeds and seedlings of each weed species tested to varying extents. The percentages of seeds and seedlings digested were less than 15% irrespective of the weed species. Passage through the gut of P. guillelmi affected the survival of seeds and seedlings. The germination of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.], goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], Chinese sprangletop [Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees], Malabar sprangletop [Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], and ricefield flatsedge (Cyperus iria L.) seeds egested by P. guillelmi decreased by 46%, 49%, 47%, 25%, 38%, 26%, 32%, 13%, and 15%, respectively, compared with their respective controls. In contrast to seed ingestion, ingestion of seedlings by P. guillelmi was fatal to individuals of all weed species; no seedlings survived passage through the gut. Our results indicate that predation of weed seeds and seedlings by P. guillelmi probably depletes the soil weed seedbank and that the introduction of P. guillelmi into fields is a potential strategy for weed biocontrol in farmland.

Legal regulation of crop seed with weed seeds in Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.I. Popchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Crop Seed

The quality control of crop seed lots for the content of weed seeds for sale in Canada, export or import is carried out the basis of two legislative acts: the Seed Regulations and the Weed Seeds Order. The Seed Regulations contain information about sampling of various crops and requirements for seeds depending on the culture and crop seeds class. The Weed Seeds Order contains list of divided into classes of noxious weed species, whose seeds are counted in seed lots of agricultural crops.

scholarly journals Changes in weed infestation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under conditions of strip intercropping and different weed control methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Głowacka
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Strip Intercropping

The experiment was conducted in the years 2004-2006 in a private farm in the village of Frankamionka in Zamość district. There were two experimental factors: I. Cultivation methods - sole cropping and strip intercropping; and II. Tending methods - mechanical, mechanical-chemical, and chemical weed control. The subject of the study was weed infestation of the Mela variety of common bean. Beans were sown between 30 April and 5 May. Weed infestation was assessed in the last week before harvesting by determining its floristic composition and the frequency of occurrence of particular weed species, as well as the air-dry weight of weeds. The dominant weed species were <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i>, <i>Chenopodium album</i>, and <i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i>, which comprised 84.7% of the total number of weeds. Strip intercropping markedly reduced the number of weeds per unit area (by 50%), as well as the dry weight of their aerial parts. The most effective method of weed control was the mechanical-chemical method, which resulted in the lowest occurrence of weeds. It also significantly reduced the weight of weeds.

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