Trends in US Deaths Due to Legal Intervention Among Black and White Men, Age 15-34 Years, by County Income Level: 1960-2010

HPHR Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Mathew Kiang ◽  
Jarvis Chen ◽  
Pamela Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
White Men ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Legal Intervention ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

To inform current national discussions about the deaths of black men due to the police, we present novel data on long-term trends (1960-2010) in deaths due to legal intervention (i.e., deaths due to law enforcement actions) among US black and white men, by county income level. Among the three health studies investigating trends in this outcome, one focused on the total US population for 1962-1993, one documented a marked excess for young adult black as compared to white men for 1979-1997, and the third reported on systematic underreporting of such deaths, overall and by race/ethnicity and age, for 1976-1998; none included socioeconomic data.

A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis of Legal Intervention Injuries and Mortality in Illinois

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-622
Author(s):  
Alfreda Holloway-Beth ◽  
Rachel Rubin ◽  
Kiran Joshi ◽  
Linda Rae Murray ◽  
Lee Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Legal Intervention ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Long Term Care Facility ◽  
Legal Interventions

There has been a public outcry for the accountability of law enforcement agents who kill and injure citizens. Epidemiological surveillance can underscore the magnitude of morbidity and mortality of citizens at the hands of law enforcement. We used hospital outpatient and inpatient databases to conduct a retrospective analysis of legal interventions in Illinois between 2010 and 2015. We calculated injury and mortality rates based on demographics, spatial distribution, and cause of injury. During the study period, 8,384 patients were treated for injuries caused during contact with law enforcement personnel. Most were male, the mean age was 32.7, and those injured were disproportionately black. Nearly all patients were treated as outpatients, and those who were admitted to the hospital had a mean of length of stay of 6 days. Most patients were discharged home or to an acute or long-term care facility (83.7%). It is unclear if those discharged home or to a different medical facility were arrested, accidentally injured, injured when no crime was committed, or injured when a crime was committed. Surveillance of law enforcement–related injuries and deaths should be implemented, and injuries caused during legal interventions should be recognized as a public health issue rather than a criminal justice issue.

scholarly journals Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase Was Differently Associated with Microalbuminuria by Status of Hypertension or Diabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duk-Hee Lee ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Myron Gross ◽  
Michael Steffes
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
White Men ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Status ◽  
Incidence Risk

Abstract Background: We hypothesized that serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) would positively predict the risk of microalbuminuria, a frequent consequence of both diabetes and hypertension, because serum GGT predicted diabetes and hypertension in dose–response relationships. Methods: In this prospective study, 2478 black and white men and women without microalbuminuria at year 10 provided urine samples 5 years later. Year 10 GGT cutpoints were 12, 18, and 29 U/L. Results: The incidence of microalbuminuria across year 10 GGT categories was U-shaped. Adjusted odds ratios across quartiles of serum GGT were 1.0, 0.39, 0.54, and 0.94 (P <0.01 for quadratic term), but the shape of association depended on the status of hypertension or diabetes (P <0.01 for interaction). Among individuals who ever had hypertension or diabetes, year 10 serum GGT showed a clear positive dose–response association with incident microalbuminuria (P <0.01 for trend), whereas among individuals with neither hypertension nor diabetes during the study, year 10 GGT showed a U-shaped association with it (P = 0.01 for quadratic term). When the long-term risk was evaluated in 3895 participants based on serum GGT at year 0 and prevalence of microalbuminuria at year 10 or year 15, the trends were similar but weaker than those of short-term incidence risk. Conclusions: Serum GGT within the physiologic range predicted microalbuminuria among patients with hypertension or diabetes and may act as a predictor of microvascular and/or renal complications in these vulnerable groups. GGT showed a U-shaped association with microalbuminuria among persons who did not develop either hypertension or diabetes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of long-term law enforcement monitoring in a West African protected area

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jerry Owusu Afriyie ◽  
Michael O. Asare ◽  
Jones Osei-Mensah ◽  
Pavla Hejcmanová
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
West African ◽  
External Support ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Patrol Officers ◽  
Staff Performance ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Illegal Activities

Abstract Law enforcement in protected areas is critical for ensuring long-term conservation and achieving conservation objectives. In 2004, patrol-based monitoring of law enforcement was implemented in protected areas in Ghana. Here, we evaluate long-term trends and changes in patrol staff performance, and illegal activities, in the Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve. The assessment was based on ranger patrol-based monitoring data collected during January 2006–August 2017. Along the patrol routes, patrol officers recorded all encounters with illegal activities associated with hunting and capturing or harming of animals. Across all years, staff performance was lowest in 2006 as staff learned the system but increased in 2007 and peaked in 2010, the latter as a result of motivation of the patrol staff. After 2011, staff performance decreased, mainly because of the retirement of some patrol staff and insufficient logistical support for successful patrolling. Snares were the most commonly recorded indicators of illegal activity. Because their use is silent, poachers using snares are less likely to be detected than poachers using other forms of hunting. Long-term assessment of patrol-based monitoring data provides reliable information on illegal activities related to wildlife, to enable stakeholders to design effective measures for biodiversity conservation. Our assessment indicates that patrol staff performance in Kogyae is, at least partly, dependent on governmental or external support and incentives, in particular the provision of equipment and transport facilities.

Trends in Mortality From Parkinson Disease in the United States, 1999–2019

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012826
Author(s):  
Shuang Rong ◽  
Guifeng Xu ◽  
Buyun Liu ◽  
Yangbo Sun ◽  
Linda G Snetselaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background and Objectives:The mortality from Parkinson's disease (PD) and its long-term trends in the United States remains unknow. This study aimed to describe the trends in PD mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2019.Methods:We used data from the National Vital Statistics System, a nationwide, population-based, death registry, to determine national trends in PD mortality, in overall and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural classification and geographic location. Analyses focused on the data from 479,059 deaths due to PD from 1999 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was performed to examine temporal trends in age-standardized death rates.Results:The age-adjusted mortality from PD increased from 5.4 (95% CI, 5.3-5.5) per 100,000 population in 1999 to 8.8 (95% CI, 8.7-8.9) per 100,000 population in 2019, with an average annual percent change of 2.4% (95% CI, 1.8%-3.0%). From 1999 to 2019, PD mortality increased significantly across all age groups, both sexes, various racial/ethnic groups and different urban-rural classifications. The US states and District of Columbia with reported death rates experienced an increase in PD mortality. Significant differences by sex and race/ethnicity were noted. Age-adjusted PD mortality rates were twice as high in men as in women, and were greater in Whites than other racial/ethnic groups.Discussion:From 1999 to 2019, the mortality from PD in the United States has increased significantly. The increase was regardless of age, sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural classification and geographic location. A comprehensive evaluation of long-term trends in PD mortality is important for health care priority setting.

Older Adults’ Perceptions of Physical Activity and Cognitive Health: Implications for Health Communication

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Price ◽  
Sara J. Corwin ◽  
Daniela B. Friedman ◽  
Sarah B. Laditka ◽  
Natalie Colabianchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Messages promoting physical activity (PA) to maintain cognitive health (CH) may increase PA and enhance CH among older persons. This study examined older adults’ perceptions of PA and CH. We conducted 10 focus groups with irregularly active older Black and White women and men ( N = 55), ages 65 to 74 in South Carolina. Constant comparison methods compared themes by gender and race/ethnicity groups. Most participants perceived cognitive decline as a severe threat, and they were primarily concerned about losing their independence. Most reported feeling susceptible to cognitive decline. Although most recognized the link between PA and CH, several White men said the association was not clear. Participants recommended a wide range of PA amounts needed to achieve CH benefits. Many suggested that evidence of PA benefits for CH would enhance message credibility. Participants suggested messages be paired with social support to increase PA. Results suggest a need for evidence-based, credible communication promoting PA and CH.

Sources and severity of stress in a Southwestern police department

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
K E Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Police Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Rank And Tenure

Abstract Background Policing is a stressful occupation. Most research examining police stress focuses solely on patrol officers, and often focuses on black and white officers only. Further, organizational sources of stress tend to be more important for police officers generally. Aims To explore sources and severity of stress in a predominately Hispanic, mid-sized, Southwestern police department. Methods A cross-sectional study of 147 police officers of all ranks was conducted. A modified version of the Police Stress Survey (PSS) was administered during daily briefings. Logistical regression models were utilized to examine predictors of stress based on gender, race/ethnicity, rank and tenure. Results Overall, occupational stressors proved more prominent than organizational stressors, contrary to previous research. Additionally, race/ethnicity was predictive of both total stress and occupational stress; rank was predictive of organizational stress; and tenure in law enforcement was predictive of occupational stress. Conclusions The sources of stress that impact police officers may be shifting as the climate surrounding law enforcement changes. What is stressful for officers depends on the race/ethnicity, rank and tenure of the officer within the organizational structure. Potential interventions designed to alleviate stress should be mindful of the variety of needs within any given department.

Prostate cancer relative survival by stage and race/ethnicity, United States, 2001 to 2015.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5509-5509
Author(s):  
David A Siegel ◽  
Mary Elizabeth O'Neil ◽  
Thomas B Richards ◽  
Nicole F Dowling ◽  
Hannah K Weir
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Localized Disease ◽  
Race Ethnicity

5509 Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among U.S. men. Incidence rates for distant stage cancer increased during 2010–2014, and survival at all stages was lower for black men than white men. We examined temporal changes in survival by race/ethnicity. Methods: Five-year relative survival (RS) (cancer survival in the absence of other causes of death) was calculated for men with prostate cancer aged ≥40 years using National Program of Cancer Registries data (93% U.S. population coverage). Cancers were diagnosed during 2001–2015 with follow-up through 2015. RS was estimated by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic), stage, and year (2001–2007 and 2008–2015). Differences were determined by non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: During 2001–2015, 2,234,233 cases were recorded. Five-year RS was 100% for localized disease in all race/ethnicities and time periods. Overall, RS improved from 29.0% (95% CI, 28.5–29.5) to 31.3% (30.8–31.9) for distant stage and 83.4% (83.0–83.8) to 84.7% (84.2–85.1) for unknown stage. For regional stage, RS improved for white men (table). For distant stage, RS was highest for black and Hispanic men. For unknown stage, RS was highest for white and Hispanic men. Conclusions: RS improved for regional, distant, and unknown stage, but disparities by race/ethnicity persist. The disparity between black and white men for distant stage reversed compared to past studies. Further investigation of diagnosis patterns and clinical characteristics of men with distant and unknown stage cancer could inform interventions to address disparities in outcomes. [Table: see text]

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